First Natural Occurrence of Coesite     

Chao EC  Shoemaker EM  Madsen BM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1960,132(3421):220-222

Coesite, the high-pressure polymorph of SiO(2), hitherto known only as a synthetic compound, is identified as an abundant mineral in sheared Coconino sandstone at Meteor Crater, Arizona. This natural occurrence has important bearing on the recognition of meteorite impact craters in quartz-bearing geologic formations.  相似文献   

Hydrogen-based microbial ecosystems in the Earth     

Madsen EL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5263):896c-897c

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A gain-of-function mutation in a cytokinin receptor triggers spontaneous root nodule organogenesis     

Tirichine L  Sandal N  Madsen LH  Radutoiu S  Albrektsen AS  Sato S  Asamizu E  Tabata S  Stougaard J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5808):104-107

Legume root nodules originate from differentiated cortical cells that reenter the cell cycle and form organ primordia. We show that perception of the phytohormone cytokinin is a key element in this switch. Mutation of a Lotus japonicus cytokinin receptor gene leads to spontaneous development of root nodules in the absence of rhizobia or rhizobial signal molecules. The mutant histidine kinase receptor has cytokinin-independent activity and activates an Escherichia coli two-component phosphorelay system in vivo. Mutant analysis shows that cytokinin signaling is required for cell divisions that initiate nodule development and defines an autoregulated process where cytokinin induction of nodule stem cells is controlled by shoots.  相似文献   

Experimental identification of downhill protein folding     

Garcia-Mira MM  Sadqi M  Fischer N  Sanchez-Ruiz JM  Muñoz V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5601):2191-2195

Theory predicts the existence of barrierless protein folding. Without barriers, folding should be noncooperative and the degree of native structure should be coupled to overall protein stability. We investigated the thermal unfolding of the peripheral subunit binding domain from Escherichia coli's 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (termed BBL) with a combination of spectroscopic techniques and calorimetry. Each technique probed a different feature of protein structure. BBL has a defined three-dimensional structure at low temperatures. However, each technique showed a distinct unfolding transition. Global analysis with a statistical mechanical model identified BBL as a downhill-folding protein. Because of BBL's biological function, we propose that downhill folders may be molecular rheostats, in which effects could be modulated by altering the distribution of an ensemble of structures.  相似文献   

A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record     

Teeling EC  Springer MS  Madsen O  Bates P  O'brien SJ  Murphy WJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5709):580-584

Bats make up more than 20% of extant mammals, yet their evolutionary history is largely unknown because of a limited fossil record and conflicting or incomplete phylogenies. Here, we present a highly resolved molecular phylogeny for all extant bat families. Our results support the hypothesis that megabats are nested among four major microbat lineages, which originated in the early Eocene [52 to 50 million years ago (Mya)], coincident with a significant global rise in temperature, increase in plant diversity and abundance, and the zenith of Tertiary insect diversity. Our data suggest that bats originated in Laurasia, possibly in North America, and that three of the major microbat lineages are Laurasian in origin, whereas the fourth is Gondwanan. Combining principles of ghost lineage analysis with molecular divergence dates, we estimate that the bat fossil record underestimates (unrepresented basal branch length, UBBL) first occurrences by, on average, 73% and that the sum of missing fossil history is 61%.  相似文献   

Conservation policies and planning under climate change     

Niels Strange  Bo Jellesmark Thorsen  Jesper Bladt  Kerrie A. Wilson  Carsten Rahbek 《Biological conservation》2011,144(12):2968-2977

Biodiversity conservation policies focus on securing the survival of species and habitats according to their current distribution. This basic premise may be inappropriate for halting biodiversity decline under the dynamic changes caused by climate change. This study explores a dynamic spatial conservation prioritization problem where climate change gradually changes the future habitat suitability of a site’ current species. This has implications for survival probability, as well as for species that potentially immigrate to the site. The problem is explored using a set of heuristics for both of two policy objectives focusing on (1) the protection on current (native) species, and (2) all species, including immigrating species. The trade-offs between the protection of native species versus all species is illustrated. The study shows that the development of prediction models of future species distributions as the basis of decision rules can be crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of conservation plans. Finally, it is discussed how more adaptive strategies, that allow for the redirection of resources from protected sites to privately-owned sites, may increase the effectiveness of the conservation networks. Climate change induced shifts in the suitability of habitats for species may increase the value of such adaptive strategies, the benefit decreasing with increasing migration probabilities and species distribution dynamics.  相似文献   

Chemical and sensory quantification of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from recirculated aquacultures in relation to concentrations in basin water     

Petersen MA  Hyldig G  Strobel BW  Henriksen NH  Jørgensen NO 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(23):12561-12568

Globally, aquaculture systems with water recirculation experience increasing problems with microbial taste and odor compounds (TOCs) such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). This study investigated the content of geosmin and MIB in water and the flesh of 200 rainbow trouts from eight recirculated aquaculture systems in Denmark. TOC content in the fish flesh was measured by a dynamic headspace extraction method and was evaluated by a sensory panel. The results showed significant correlations between TOC content in water and fish and between chemical analysis and sensory perception. When geosmin exceeded 20 ng/L in the water, 96% of the fish had an intense muddy flavor, but below 10 ng geosmin/L, 18% of the fish (only 3% in special depuration ponds) had an intense muddy flavor. The results indicate that TOC levels <10 ng/L will ensure that a negligible portion of the fish obtains an unpalatable taste and flavor due to TOCs.  相似文献   

Respiratory tract distribution and bioavailability of spiramycin in calves     

C Friis  E Erhardsen  E B Madsen  P Nielsen  K Raun 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(8):1269-1273

Pharmacokinetic determinants of spiramycin and its distribution into the respiratory tract were studied in 2 groups of calves, 4 to 10 weeks old. Group-A calves (n = 4) were used to determine pharmacokinetic variables of spiramycin after IV (15 and 30 mg/kg of body weight) and oral administrations of the drug (30 mg/kg) and to measure distribution of spiramycin into nasal and bronchial secretions. Group-B calves (n = 4) were used to determine distribution of spiramycin into lung tissue and bronchial mucosa. Spiramycin disposition was best described by use of an open 3-compartment model. Mean (+/- SD) elimination half-life was 28.7 +/- 12.3 hours, and steady-state volume of distribution was 23.5 +/- 6.0 L/kg. Bio-availability after oral administration was 4 +/- 3%. High and persistent concentrations of spiramycin were achieved in the respiratory tract tissues and fluids. Tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio was 58 for lung tissue and 18 for bronchial mucosa at 3 hours after spiramycin administration and 137 and 49, respectively at 24 hours. Secretion-to-plasma concentration ratio was 4 for nasal secretions and 7 for bronchial secretions, and remained almost constant with time. Thus, spiramycin penetrates well into the respiratory tract, although the value in bronchial secretions is lower than that in lung tissues and bronchial mucosa. Calculations indicate that a loading dose of 45 mg/kg, administered IV, followed by a maintenance dose of 20 mg/kg, IV, once daily is required to maintain active concentrations of spiramycin against bovine pathogens in bronchial secretions.  相似文献   

Influence of storage and preservation of milk samples on microscopic and Fossomatic somatic cell counts.     

P S Madsen 《Nordisk veterinaermedicin》1979,31(11):449-454

Milk somatic cell counting was carried out by Fossomatic and microscopically. In unpreserved milk samples Fossomatic counts increased by up to 100% during the first 24 hours after milking. During the next 24 hours the counts increased by 5% whereafter they remained stable until at least 80 hours after milking, when the samples were stored at 5 degress C. On microscopical counting using methylene blue for staining, the results were stable from shortly after milking. In counting, attention had to be paid to the fact that within the first 24 hours a certain part of the cells would stain but faintly. After preservation with potassium bichromate the Fossomatic counts increased more rapidly. Stable results were found 5--8 hours after preservation. The final level of the Fossomatic counts was found to be app. 10% higher in preserved than in unpreserved samples. A smaller increase was found by microscopic counting. The rise of the cell counts during the first 24 hours after milking is probably due to inadequate stainability of living cells with ethidium bromide, resulting in a certain part of them being recorded by the Fossomatic. During the first day the vitality of the cells diminishes whereby they become stainable and countable. This process in hastened by potassium bichromate treatment.  相似文献   

Bur buttercup poisoning of sheep     

J D Olsen  T E Anderson  J C Murphy  G Madsen 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1983,183(5):538-543

Bur buttercup (Ceratocephalus testiculatus) has not been considered to be poisonous, but the sudden death loss of 150 ewes while grazing it prompted study of the plant. It was found that bur buttercup can be highly toxic to sheep, with a lethal dose being as little as 500 g of green plant for a 45-kg sheep. Clinical signs of bur buttercup poisoning are weakness, depression, diarrhea, labored breathing, anorexia, and occasional fever. Postmortem findings include inflammation and edema of the rumen; hemorrhage in the left ventricle of the heart; congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys; and excessive fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.  相似文献