Aluminum oxyhydroxide polymorphs and some micromorphological characteristics in sclerotium grains     

Makiko Watanabe  Akira Genseki  Nobuo Sakagami  Yudzuru Inoue  Hiroyuki Ohta  Nobuhide Fujitake 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(8):1205-1210

The presence of aluminum oxyhydroxide and its micromorphological characteristics in sclerotium grains were examined by SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. A spherical fraction with a diameter of 100 nm, which contained C and Al as the predominant elements, was recognized as the unit particle of the matrix of sclerotium grains. The Al polymorphs and the Si spherical structures found in the ignited grains were assumed to correspond to boehmite and opaline silica particles, respectively. SEMI analysis revealed the presence of a needle ball structure inside the hollow part of sclerotium grains. The relationship between the inner structure of sclerotium and biochemical processes of the host fungi was discussed.  相似文献   

A quick incorporation of 13N into the soluble high-molecular compound in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots by application of 13N-labeled nitrate/nitrite     

Tadakatsu Yoneyama  Nobuo Suzui  Noriko S. Ishioka  Shu Fujimaki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4)

  相似文献   

Saccharides of ectomycorrhizal fungal sclerotia as sources of forest soil polysaccharides     

Yuki Sugiura  Makiko Watanabe  Yaya Nonoyama  Nobuo Sakagami  Yong Guo 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):426-433

ABSTRACT

The neutral monosaccharide composition of forest soils differs from that of non-forest soils suggesting there is an accumulation of microbial saccharides. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be responsible as the fungi are typical in forest soils. We investigated neutral saccharides of ECM fungal sclerotia to determine what part it might play in the origin of forest soil polysaccarides. Sclerotial grain (SG) was collected from the O, A1 and A2 horizons of a soil of subalpine forest of Mt. Ontake, central Japan. Neutral saccharides in soil and SG were analyzed by two step hydrolysis with sulfuric acid and gas-chromatography of alditol acetate derivatives. Saccharides accounted for 6.0?16% of the SG by carbon content. The SG contained predominantly easily hydrolysable (EH)-glucose, which accounted for 75–85% of the composition depending on grain size and the soil horizon, followed by mannose (7.7?15%), galactose (2.2?4.8%) and non-easily hydrolysable (NEH)-glucose (1.7?6.1%). The SG contained all of these sugars irrespective of its size. The SG collected from the A1 and A2 horizons contained all sugar components found in that from the O horizon, except for fucose in that from A2 horizon. The monosaccharide composition of SG indicates that accumulation of ECM fungal sclerotial polysaccharides might have been responsible for enlarging the molar ratios of (galactose + mannose) /(arabinose + xylose) and EH-glucose/NEH-glucose of forest soils. The proportions of SG saccharides relative to soil saccharides were 3.6, 1.2, and 0.83% for the O, A1 and A2 horizons, respectively. These levels of the proportion are considerable as ECM fugal sclerotia are the products of a limited species among hundreds and thousands of microbial species inhabiting forest soils. The sclerotia forming ECM fungal species such as Cenococcum geophilum may be key sources of forest soil polysaccharides.  相似文献   

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the ratio of activities of carbon-acquiring to nitrogen-acquiring enzymes in a primary lowland tropical rainforest in Borneo,Malaysia     

Taiki Mori  Nobuo Imai  Daiki Yokoyama  Kanehiro Kitayama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):554-557

ABSTRACT

Previous meta-analyses revealed that the ratio of activities of carbon (C)-acquiring enzyme to nitrogen (N)-acquiring enzymes in tropical forest ecosystems was nearly identical to those in other ecosystems, despite of the N-rich condition in tropical forests. This could be explained by microbes in tropical forest soils, which require a large amount of N to produce N-rich acid phosphatase (AP) for catalyzation of the organic form of phosphorus (P) and compensation for poor P availability in soils. Based on this idea, we hypothesized that experimental P fertilization would reduce the allocation to N-acquiring enzymes compared with that of C-acquiring enzymes, i.e. that it would increase the ratios of activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) to β-1,4-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). We tested this hypothesis using an experimental fertilization site with factorial N (100 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) and P (50 kg ha^?1 yr^?1) addition in a primary tropical lowland forest in Bornean Malaysia, where our earlier work demonstrated that P fertilization reduced AP activity. Contrary to our hypothesis, the BG:NAG and BG:(NAG + LAP) ratios were not altered by either N or P fertilizations. This result indicated that AP production was not a reason for the maintenance of a relatively high investment in N-acquiring enzyme at our study site. Rather, NAG and LAP production was likely driven by C acquisition, rather than N acquisition, as the target substrates contained C as well as N. This idea was supported by the fact that neither the BG:NAG ratio nor the BG:(NAG + LAP) ratio was elevated by N addition. We propose that the ratios of activities of BG to NAG and LAP do not necessarily indicate the ratio of C:N acquisition, at least in our N-rich tropical forest ecosystem.  相似文献   

Effects of difference in fertilization treatments on nitrification activity in tea soils     

Masahito Hayatsu  Nobuo Kosuge 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):373-378

Abstract

It is generally recognized that the nitrification activity in acid soils is very low. Indeed, nitrification in mineral soils has been found to be negligible at pH values below 5.0 (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). However, it was reported that autotrophic nitrification occurred in some tea soils at pH levels far below 5.0 (Walker and Wickramasinghe 1979; Hayatsu and Kosuge 1993). An acidophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium has been recently isolated from strongly acidic tea soils in Japan (Hayatsu 1993). On the other hand, fertilization has-been considered to be an important factor influencing nitrification in agricultural soils. For example, several studies have shown that the addition of ammoniacal fertilizer to soils can lead to the increase of the populations of Nitrosomonas (McLaren 1971; Ardakani et al. 1974). Liming of acidic soils also tends to stimulate the nitrification activity (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). Although nitrification has been studied in a wide variety of agricultural soils, there is little information available on nitrification in tea soils. The effect of fertilization on nitrification in tea soils is poorly documented.  相似文献   

Crystalline clay minerals of the soils derived from recent volcanic ashes in Hokkaido,Japan     

Nobuo Uchiyama  Jun-ichi Masui  Sadao Shoji 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):125-132

For the past ten years much work has been carried out on clay minerals of volcanic ash soils. Most investigators have reported that allophane is dominant among clay minerals of volcanic ash soils and crystallizes to halloysite or meta-halloysite with the advance of weathering (1–8). On the other hand, UCHIYAMA, MASUI and ONIKURA (1960) found that montmorillonite predominates in the clay fraction of volcanic ash soil in Kawatabi (9). Furthermore, MASUI, SHOJI and UCHIYAMA (1966) showed that the major crystalline clay minerals of volcanic ash soils in the Tohoku district are montmorillonite, vermiculite, intergradient montmorillonite-vermiculite and chlorite (10). They also showed that these minerals increase with the advance of weathering and that kaolin minerals are minor constituents.  相似文献   

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat through leaf color measurements using a chlorophyll meter     

Teruo Matsunaka  Yuji Watanabe  Tadashi Miyawaki  Nobuo Ichikawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):127-134

A field trial was conducted over a 3-year period at the Hokkaido Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station to examine whether the grain protein content (GPC) of a winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihokukomugi) suitable for Japanese noodle-making could be predicted before harvest. The prediction of the GPC was accurate based on the color of the second leaf (just below the flag leaf) at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence, when nitrogen application was graded. In order to evaluate the reliability of this test, a survey of 95 wheat fields in the eastern part of Hokkaido was also carried out during a 3-year period. The prediction of the GPC for this cultivar based on the color of the second leaf was less accurate across many sites. The results of this survey, however, suggested that the leaf color could be used as an index for ranking the GPC as low or high in relation to processing requirements. When the leaf color value of the second leaf measured with a chlorophyll meter at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence was less than 40, it was predicted that the GPC would be lower than the processing requirement. This index could be applied to the cultivars grown in the eastern part of Hokkaido, except for those grown on peat soils.  相似文献   

Attaining inter-subgeneric hybrids in fragrant azalea breeding and the inheritance of organelle DNA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nobuo Kobayashi  Daiki Mizuta  Akira Nakatsuka  Masaru Akabane 《Euphytica》2008,159(1-2):67-72

Inter-subgeneric hybrids were successfully obtained in reciprocal cross combinations between evergreen azaleas (Rhododendron nakaharae and its hybrids) and fragrant deciduous azaleas (R. arborescens and R. viscosum) for the purpose of fragrant evergreen azalea breeding. Nuclear and organelle DNA of these hybrids was investigated using PCR-RFLP markers. Viable hybrid seedlings have nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) inherited biparentally, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the seed parent, and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from the deciduous azalea, regardless of cross combination. These results suggest that the chloroplast genome from deciduous azaleas and the nuclear genome from evergreen azaleas are compatible in viable hybrid progenies.  相似文献   

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Daiki Mizuta  Takuya Ban  Ikuo Miyajima  Akira Nakatsuka  Nobuo Kobayashi   《Scientia Horticulturae》2009,122(4):594-602

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.  相似文献   

All-around 3D plant modeling system using multiple images and its composition     

Nobuo Kochi  Atsushi Hayashi  Yota Shinohara  Takanari Tanabata  Kunihiro Kodama  Sachiko Isobe 《Breeding Science》2022,72(1):75

In this study, we developed an all-around 3D plant modeling system that operates using images and is capable of measuring plants non-destructively without any contact. During the fabrication of this device, we selected a method capable of performing 3D model reconstruction from multiple images. We then developed an improved SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion / Multi-View-Stereo) method that enables 3D reconstruction by simply capturing images with a camera. The resulting image-based method offers a high degree of freedom because the hardware and software can comprise commercially available products, and it permits the use of one or more cameras according to the shape and size of the plant. The advantages of the image-based method are that 3D reconstruction can be conducted at any time as long as the images are already taken, and that the desired locations can be observed, measured, and analyzed from 2D images and a 3D point cloud. The device we developed is capable of 3D measurements and modeling of plants from a few millimeters to 2.4 m of height using this method. This article explains this device, the principles of its composition, and the accuracy of the models obtained from it.  相似文献