Multielement isotope analysis of bovine muscle for determination of international geographical origin of meat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Osorio MT  Moloney AP  Schmidt O  Monahan FJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(7):3285-3294

Multielemental (C, N, H, S) stable isotope ratio analysis was used as an analytical tool to verify the geographical origin of beef from several European and non-European countries. Beef samples were collected from nine different countries, and the (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (2)H/(1)H, and (34)S/(32)S ratios of defatted beef were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). There were highly significant differences in the mean isotopic values of the beef from different countries. The results of discriminant analysis showed that the four isotope ratios were significant for the discrimination of geographical origin and that 84.9% of the samples were correctly assigned to the country of origin (82.2% when cross-validated). Beef was also classified according to geographical origin when additional information on different feeding regimens used in Ireland was included, with 85.0% of the samples correctly allocated and 82.9% cross-validated using the isotopic signatures. All of the Irish beef samples verifiable as pasture-fed beef were correctly classified and then cross-validated.  相似文献   

Chemistry. Striking a balance to control stereochemistry     

Wiest O  Helquist P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6051):1831-1832

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Occurrence and distribution of earthworms in agricultural landscapes across Europe with regard to testing for responses to plant protection products     

Axel Dinter  Christian Oberwalder  Patrick Kabouw  Mike Coulson  Gregor Ernst  Thorsten Leicher  Mark Miles  Gabe Weyman  Olaf Klein 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(2):278-293

Purpose

Within the regulatory framework for authorisation of plant protection products (PPPs) (EU Directive 91/414/1991/EEC replaced by Regulation (EC) 1107/2009), higher tier risk assessments and earthworm field tests are conducted in different countries across Europe. This paper describes dominant earthworm species for regulatory and biogeographical regions in agricultural landscapes across Europe and examines regional differences in earthworm communities and densities and their respective response to a toxic reference.

Materials and methods

For the assessment of earthworm abundance and species distribution, data of untreated control plots from 30 earthworm field studies were analysed; each conducted according to the ISO 11268–3 (1999) guideline by European Crop Protection Association member companies in the context of registration of PPPs. For the evaluation of the response to PPPs under different regional and climatic conditions, the effect on earthworm abundance was assessed by comparing plots treated with toxic references with untreated control plots. Additionally, a comparative literature review was included providing an overview of earthworm species composition and densities in agricultural crops from 14 European countries.

Results and discussion

The assessment of earthworm field studies from six different European countries revealed that common earthworm species of anecic and endogeic ecological groups are present at most field sites. Dominant species groups of endogeic and anecic earthworms can be defined that are abundant in all assessed countries. These are the endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea and Allolobophora chlorotica, and the anecic species Lumbricus terrestris (Northern and Central Europe) and Lumbricus friendi (Southern Europe). Taking into account the high variability in total earthworm abundances, it can be concluded that the variability within regions was larger than the variability between regions.

Conclusions

Analysis of the earthworm community and data of toxic references lead to the conclusion that testing in different zones is not considered necessary.  相似文献   

Using occupancy models to assess the effectiveness of underwater cameras to detect rare stream fishes     

Rowshyra A. Castaeda  Olaf L.F. Weyl  Nicholas E. Mandrak 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(3):565-576

1. Many conservation efforts for freshwater fishes have been undertaken; however, continuing the monitoring of both the distribution and the abundance of species to determine the effectiveness of these actions can be difficult. As species increase in rarity, they are more difficult to detect in the field, making inferences on occupancy less reliable.
2. Conventional sampling methods, such as electrofishing and seining, require the physical handling of rare fishes, which may cause stress and mortality and, consequently, compromise conservation goals and limit monitoring programmes. Non‐invasive surveillance methods, including underwater video, are playing an increasingly important role.
3. In this study, occupancy models were used to estimate the detection probability of underwater cameras as an alternative to the conventional sampling methods for rare stream fishes. Redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus), a small minnow listed as Endangered, was used as a model organism for rarity. A total of 69 historical redside dace sites were sampled using three sampling methods to determine the effect of gear type on detecting and identifying the habitat preferences of this rare minnow.
4. On average, using multiple underwater cameras is as effective at detecting a rare minnow as conventional sampling methods (backpack electrofisher and seine) and causes no harm.
5. The detection probability of both underwater cameras and backpack electrofishing were adversely affected by turbidity, whereas seining was positively affected by stream velocity. The probability of occupancy of redside dace is driven by open channels and sediment size, and this provides a strong basis for informing stream restoration projects.
6. The use of multiple underwater cameras over conventional sampling methods is recommended when sampling for rare and endangered minnows in systems with low turbidity.

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Flight of the dodo     

Shapiro B  Sibthorpe D  Rambaut A  Austin J  Wragg GM  Bininda-Emonds OR  Lee PL  Cooper A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5560):1683

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Comparative cardiac pathological changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) and pancreas disease (PD)     

Muhammad Naveed Yousaf  Erling Olaf Koppang  Karsten Skjødt  Ivar Hordvik  Jun Zou  Chris Secombes  Mark D. Powell 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2013,151(1-2):49-62

The heart is considered the powerhouse of the cardiovascular system. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) and pancreas disease (PD) are cardiac diseases of marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which commonly affect the heart in addition to the skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. The main findings of these diseases are necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltrates affecting different regions of the heart. In order to better characterize the cardiac pathology, study of the inflammatory cell characteristics and cell cycle protein expression was undertaken by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin embedded hearts from confirmed diseased cases applying specific antibodies. The inflammatory cells were predominantly CD3⁺ T lymphocytes. The PD diseased hearts exhibited moderate hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) immuno-reaction that suggested tissue hypoxia while recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (rTNFα) antibody identified putative macrophages and eosinophilic granulocytes (EGCs) in addition to endocardial cells around lesions. There were strong to low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II immunostaining in the diseased hearts associated with macrophage-like and lymphocyte-like cells. The diseased hearts expressed strong to low levels of apoptotic cells identified by caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The strong signals for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL, and moderate levels of caspase 3 immuno-reactivity suggested a high cell turnover where DNA damage/repair might be occurring in the diseased hearts. Interestingly, the apparently similar cardiac diseases exhibited differences in the immunopathological responses in Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

Horse or hound?     

Swarbrick O 《The Veterinary record》2010,167(15):588

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Spatial extent and consequences of black bass (Micropterus spp.) invasion in a Cape Floristic Region river basin          下载免费PDF全文

Johannes A. Van Der Walt  Olaf L. F. Weyl  Darragh J. Woodford  Frans G. T. Radloff 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2016,26(4):736-748

ON THE WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR RECREATIONAL FISHING—ESCAPED FARMED VERSUS WILD ATLANTIC SALMON     

Jon Olaf Olaussen  Yajie Liu 《Aquaculture Economics & Management (Blackwell Science)》2013,17(4):245-261

This article explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. This is a first attempt to explore the economic consequences of escaped farmed species in terms of the anglers’ willingness-to-pay for fishing permits working through the relationship between the price of fishing permits and the share of escaped farmed salmon. The empirical analysis is based on the results from a contingent valuation survey conducted in Norway. It is found that the presence of escaped farmed salmon in Norwegian rivers may have severe economic consequences on the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing with a reduction of up to 85% compared to a situation with a ‘pure’ wild salmon stock.  相似文献   

Underwater video analysis as a non‐destructive alternative to electrofishing for sampling imperilled headwater stream fishes     

B. R. Ellender  A. Becker  O. L. F. Weyl  E. R. Swartz 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2012,22(1):58-65