Role of probiotics on the immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: a review     

do Carmo Alves  Angélica Priscila  Peconick  Ana Paula  da Silva Cerozi  Brunno  Possebon Cyrino  José Eurico 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(4):1905-1929

The development and intensification of Nile tilapia farming systems has happened together with ever increased use of antibiotics and therapeutants. Research on the use of probiotics has come along as alternative to routine use of antibiotics in fish diets. The manipulation of the gut microbiota through dietary probiotic inclusion targeting improved growth rate and disease resistance has been investigated in many farmed fish species. However, mechanisms underlying modulation of fish immune response remains unclear. This review summarizes and discuss recent findings in the role of probiotics on the immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus addressing available information regarding immunological parameters such as phagocytic activity, lysozyme, respiratory burst activity, antioxidant enzymes, complement system as well as immune-related gene expression, in the aim to foster research efforts on effective strategies for the successful use of probiotics in the tilapia farming industry.

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Pilot project to investigate over-wintering of free-living gastrointestinal nematode larvae of sheep in Ontario,Canada     

Laura C. Falzon  Paula I. Menzies  John VanLeeuwen  Krishna P. Shakya  Andria Jones-Bitton  Jacob Avula  Jocelyn T. Jansen  Andrew S. Peregrine 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2014,55(8):749-756

This study investigated the overwintering survival and infectivity of free-living gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) stages on pasture. The presence of GIN larvae was assessed on 3 sheep farms in Ontario with a reported history of clinical haemonchosis, by collecting monthly pasture samples over the winter months of 2009/2010. The infectivity of GIN larvae on spring pastures was evaluated using 16 tracer lambs. Air and soil temperature and moisture were recorded hourly. Free-living stages of Trichostrongylus spp. and Nematodirus spp. were isolated from herbage samples. Gastrointestinal nematodes were recovered from all tracer lambs on all farms; Teladorsagia sp. was the predominant species. Very low levels of Haemonchus contortus were recovered from 1 animal on 1 farm. The results suggest that Haemonchus larvae do not survive well on pasture, while Teladorsagia sp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Nematodirus spp. are able to overwinter on pasture in Ontario and are still infective for sheep in the spring.  相似文献   

Content of plasmatic glycerol and activity of hepatic glycerol kinase in broiler chickens fed diets containing different sources and concentrations of glycerine     

V. M. P. Bernardino  P. B. Rodrigues  L. de Paula Naves  P. V. Rosa  M. G. Zangerônimo  E. M. Gomide  M. M. Saldanha  R. R. Alvarenga 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(2):328-337

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three sources of glycerine (crude glycerine from soya bean oil – CGSO, mixed crude glycerine from frying oil and lard – MCG, and a semipurified glycerine from soya bean oil – SPGSO) in four concentrations in the diet (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 g of each type of glycerine per kg of feed) on the levels of plasmatic glycerol and the activity of the hepatic enzyme glycerol kinase in broilers of 22–35 days old (experiment I) and 33–42 days old (experiment II). The highest (p < 0.05) plasmatic glycerol level was detected in broilers fed diet containing CGSO. Independent of the source, increasing the concentration of glycerine led to a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the plasmatic glycerol concentration. In experiment I, all the diets containing glycerine resulted in increased concentrations of plasmatic glycerol, in relation to the control diet without glycerine. However, in experiment II, only the diet containing 17.5 g of CGSO per kg of feed and the diets formulated with any of the three types of glycerine in the inclusion concentrations of 35, 52.5 and 70 g/kg of feed resulted in higher plasmatic glycerol levels than those observed in the control broilers. The source of glycerine influenced the glycerol kinase activity only in experiment II, where the use of CGSO in the diet increased the enzyme activity. For both experiments, the glycerol kinase activity increased with the inclusion of glycerine in the diet. In conclusion, based on the absence of saturation of the glycerol kinase activity for the three glycerine sources and for both rearing periods evaluated, the broilers can metabolize the glycerol (at the level of the phosphorylation of the glycerol to glycerol‐3‐phosphate in the liver) present in the glycerine when the diet is supplemented with up to 70 g of glycerine per kg of feed.  相似文献   

Potential distribution and population trends of the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus inferred from species distribution models and historical catch data     

Leonardo Manir Feitosa  Lucas Pereira Martins  Leandro Augusto de Souza Junior  Rosangela Paula Lessa 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(5):882-891

1. Updated distribution ranges are crucial for conservation status assessments. Comprehensive analyses combining published literature and available data on historical catches and species distribution models (SDMs) are effective tools that could improve the prediction of more realistic scenarios for some species, especially those with limited information available and facing multiple threats.
2. The present study aimed at generating an updated distribution for the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus, one of the most threatened and understudied shark species of the western Atlantic Ocean. Estimates of the key areas for this species conservation based on the SDMs, and trends in catch probabilities throughout its distribution range are provided.
3. Four algorithms (BIOCLIM, Domain, Mahalanobis, and Maximum Entropy) were used to model the distribution of C. porosus and calculate its habitat suitability based on marine environmental variables. To assess historical catch probability trends, we built a generalized linear model from published and grey literature data. This analysis was used to estimate catch probability as an indication of population trends.
4. SDMs suggest that the northern coast of South America (NCSA) harbours the most suitable habitats for C. porosus in the world, which was expected given its historically high catch rate in this region. In addition, there was a continuously declining catch probability trend starting in the 1970s. However, the decline was smaller for the NCSA as compared with the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern South America coast.
5. Results indicate that the NCSA should be considered the currently most important area in the world for this species conservation. Furthermore, the lack of data throughout Central and South American marine regions hampers the evaluation of extinction risk throughout its updated distribution. Thus, research in these areas is urgently required for a more comprehensive conservation status assessment.

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Predictive mapping for management and conservation of seagrass beds in North Carolina     

Nina M. Kelly  Mark Fonseca  Paula Whitfield 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2001,11(6):437-451

An Erratum has been published for this article in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(2), 2002 577

• 1. This research extends techniques of predictive mapping from their application in terrestrial environments to marine landscapes by investigating the relationship between seagrass and hydrodynamics in Core Sound, North Carolina, USA.
• 2. An empirically derived logistic multiple regression model and a Boolean logic suitability model were used to produce several predictive map products, including: susceptibility of seagrasses to storms, probability of seagrass cover, and suitability of areas for restoration of seagrasses. A visual comparison between these maps and conventional seagrass polygon maps allows for a discussion of ‘field’ versus ‘object’ mapping, and the ramifications for management based on different cartographic techniques.
• 3. The predictive method used here showed that only a small portion (19%) of the seagrass bed in the study area would be expected to have a high probability of seagrass coverage. The majority of the seagrass habitat in the study area was predicted to have less than 50% probability of seagrass cover. In addition, 16% of the nearly 2000 ha of seagrass within the study area were predicted to be highly susceptible to acute storm events. Moreover, using a conservative set of site selection criteria, only 7% of the study area encompassed by seagrass habitat was predicted to have a high probability of successful restoration if injured.
• 4. This method provides for an inexpensive way to scale‐up from high‐resolution data to a coarser scale that is often required for conservation and management.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of progestagen exposure duration on estrus synchronization and conception rates of crossbreed ewes undergoing fixed time artificial insemination     

Wanessa Blaschi  Paula A. Lunardelli  Luciana S.R. Marinho  Marilu C. Max  Gustavo M.G. Santos  Katia C. Silva-Santos  Fabiana A. Melo-Sterza  Hernan Baldassarre  Thales R. Rigo  Marcelo M. Seneda 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2014,15(3):433-437

Synchronization of estrus and ovulation are of paramount importance in modern livestock improvement programs. These methods are critical for assisted reproduction technologies, including artificial insemination and embryo transfer, that can increase productivity. In the current study, subcutaneous implants containing norgestomet were placed for long (14 days), medium (9 days), and short (5 days) periods of time in 70 crossbred ewes undergoing fixed-time artificial insemination. The resulting effects on estrus synchronization and conception rates were subsequently evaluated. Among the synchronized ewes, 85.7% (60/70) underwent estrus over a period of 72 h after progestagen treatment ceased. The shortest mean interval between withdrawal of the device and onset of estrus (34.2 ± 8.9 h) was observed in the G14 days of P4 group (p < 0.05). The conception rate of the G14 days of P4 group was statistically higher than that of the other groups (83.3% vs. 60.9% vs. 47.8%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, 14 days of norgestomet treatment produced higher conception rates and a greater number of pregnancies at the beginning of the breeding season.  相似文献   

Midazolam,as a co‐induction agent,has propofol sparing effects but also decreases systolic blood pressure in healthy dogs     

Amber Hopkins  Michelle Giuffrida  Maria Paula Larenza 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(1):64-72

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of the co-administration of midazolam on the dose requirement for propofol anesthesia induction, heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and the incidence of excitement.Study designProspective, randomized, controlled and blinded clinical study, with owner consent.AnimalsSeventeen healthy, client owned dogs weighing 28 ± 18 kg and aged 4.9 ± 3.9 years old.MethodsDogs were sedated with acepromazine 0.025 mg kg^?1 and morphine 0.25 mg kg^?1 intramuscularly (IM), 30 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to receive midazolam (MP; 0.2 mg kg^?1) or sterile normal saline (CP; 0.04 mL kg^?1) intravenously (IV) over 15 seconds. Propofol was administered IV immediately following test drug and delivered at 3 mg kg^?1 minute^?1 until intubation was possible. Scoring of pre-induction sedation, ease of intubation, quality of induction, and presence or absence of excitement following co-induction agent, was recorded. HR, SAP and respiratory rate (f_R) were obtained immediately prior to, immediately following, and 5 minutes following induction of anesthesia.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups with regard to weight, age, gender, or sedation. Excitement occurred in 5/9 dogs following midazolam administration, with none noted in the control group. The dose of propofol administered to the midazolam group was significantly less than in the control group. Differences in HR were not significant between groups. SAP was significantly lower in the midazolam group compared with baseline values 5 minutes after its administration. However, values remained clinically acceptable.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe co-administration of midazolam with propofol decreased the total dose of propofol needed for induction of anesthesia in sedated healthy dogs, caused some excitement and a clinically unimportant decrease in SAP.  相似文献   

Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp     

Mutsuhide?TsuchimotoEmail author  Paula?A?G?Apablaza  Mutsuyosi?Tsuchimoto  Qin?Wang  Katsuyasu?Tachibana 《Fisheries Science》2005,71(1):205-212

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources in a Brazilian city: Implications for the maintenance of pollinators,especially bees     

Kátia Paula Aleixo  Letícia Biral de Faria  Milton Groppo  Maurício Meirelles do Nascimento Castro  Cláudia Inês da Silva 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2014,13(4):689-696

Cities provide resources for the animals that live in them or their surroundings. There has been an increase in the number of ecological studies in urban areas, including interactions between plants and bees. Bees are pollinators that provide a vital ecosystem service to crops and wild plants. We assessed plant community structure in the campus of Universidade de São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, included in the neotropical Atlantic Forest biome, focusing on floristic composition, pollination syndromes, flowering phenology, and spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources for bees. Currently, the city is surrounded by sugar cane plantations. Once a month, from April 2011 to March 2012, we sampled plant species and individuals in bloom in an area with 500 m radius from the bee-rearing facilities of Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), totaling 78 hectares. We sampled 289 plant species of 73 families; Leguminosae was the richest family. Plants pollinated by bees predominated (67%), followed by plants pollinated by hummingbirds (18%). Melittophilous species flowered throughout the year and, hence, food availability for bees was continuous. The flowering of plant individuals that provided pollen, nectar, and floral oil was seasonal in all vegetation (except for nectar in shrubs), with peaks in resource availability in the transition from the dry to the rainy season, and also in the rainy season. Our results show that the campus is able to maintain bee populations amid a monoculture matrix, acting as a refuge. In addition, it provides a list of several attractive native plants to different pollinator groups, coupled with a phenogram, that can be used in the design and planning of urban areas.  相似文献   

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerols and a Monoacylglycerol from the Edible Brown Seaweed Fucus spiralis Linnaeus     

Graciliana Lopes  Georgios Daletos  Peter Proksch  Paula B. Andrade  Patrícia Valent?o 《Marine drugs》2014,12(3):1406-1418

A monoacylglycerol (1) and a 1:1 mixture of two monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDGs) (2 and 3) were isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus spiralis Linnaeus. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means (NMR and MS) and by comparison with the literature. Compound 1 was composed of a glycerol moiety linked to oleic acid (C18:1 Ω9). Compounds 2 and 3 contained a glycerol moiety linked to a galactose unit and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 Ω3) combined with octadecatetraenoic acid (C18:4 Ω3) or linolenic acid (C18:3 Ω3), respectively. The isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. All of them inhibited NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The fraction consisting of compounds 2 and 3, in a ratio of 1:1, was slightly more effective than compound 1 (IC₅₀ of 60.06 and 65.70 µg/mL, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first report of these compounds from F. spiralis and on their anti-inflammatory capacity.  相似文献