Composition,abundance and phytoplasma infection in the hawthorn psyllid fauna of northwestern Italy     

Rosemarie Tedeschi  Pavel Lauterer  Lorenzo Brusetti  Federica Tota  Alberto Alma 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(3):301-310

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) is one of the natural hosts of Cacopsylla melanoneura, the acknowledged vector of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the causal agent of Apple Proliferation disease, a serious and growing problem for apple production in Europe, particularly in northern Italy. Wild plants could be important sources of both insects and phytoplasmas, but their role in the epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases and their insect vectors has never been thoroughly examined. Cacopsylla melanoneura’s primary host is hawthorn, a plant closely related to apple which often grows wild near orchards. Other psyllid species feed on hawthorn, but no data are available on their possible role as phytoplasma vectors. We investigated the hawthorn’s psyllid fauna in northwestern Italy using yellow sticky traps, beat trays, and molecular analyses from 2003–2005, to study the relationship between hawthorn, the phytoplasma and the insect vector. Population dynamics were monitored, and insects and hawthorn samples were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and DNA sequencing for the presence of phytoplasmas. Cacopsylla melanoneura was the dominant psyllid species, followed by C. peregrina, C. affinis and C. crataegi. PCR and RFLP analyses revealed the presence of different fruit tree phytoplasmas in hawthorn plants, and in all four psyllid species.  相似文献   

Insecticidal activity of two formulations of essential oils against the cereal leaf beetle     

Jiří Skuhrovec  Miloslav Zouhar  Marie Maňasová  Pavel Nový  Matěj Božik 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2018,68(6):489-495

Purpose: Plant-derived essential oils and their encapsulations have recently received increasing interest as an alternative to synthetic biopesticides suitable for integrated pest management and organic farming. In this study, combinations of essential oils (EO) from Rosmarinus officinalis with Cymbopogon citratus and Pelargonium graveolens with Thymus vulgaris in two formulations including encapsulate were tested for their potential for wheat protection against adults and larvae of Oulema melanopus (L.).

Materials and methods: The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Testing of insecticidal activity of the evaluated substances was conducted with 2.5?ml of tested combinations of EOs sprayed on the paper. Ten adults or larvae of O. melanopus were placed into a vessel. Control of mortality of O. melanopus specimens was assessed after 24?h after establishment of the experiment.

Results and conclusions: Tarsal contact toxicity assay showed the effectiveness of EO in concentration against O. melanopus larvae and adults in both formulations (essential oil and encapsulation) causing 100% mortality within 24?h. These results indicate the great potential of these essential oils and their encapsulations for future use in crop protection against insect pests.  相似文献   

Computed tomographic evaluation of dynamic alteration of the canine lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramina          下载免费PDF全文

Andrew J. Worth  Angela Hartman  Janis P. Bridges  Boyd R. Jones  Joe I. G. Mayhew 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2017,46(2):255-264

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Long-term dynamics of causative agents of stem base diseases in winter wheat and reaction of Czech <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oculimacula</Emphasis> spp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microdochium</Emphasis> spp<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis> populations to prochloraz     

Pavel Matušinsky  Ivana Svačinová  Akvilė Jonavičienė  Ludvík Tvarůžek 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(1):199-209

Trichoderma aggressivum is an aggressive contaminant mould in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus leading to severe reductions in mushroom yields. Production of fully colonised A. bisporus substrate in Europe is commonly carried out in large tunnels (Phase III), after which the substrate undergoes several bulk handling (mixing) operations before ending up on shelves in mushroom growing facilities. The work presented here studied the effect of Trichoderma aggressivum inoculum, substrate mixing and supplementation on Agaricus bisporus yields and evaluated four methods to detect T. aggressivum in bulk handled substrate. Inoculum dilution level was shown to correlate well with mushroom yield (P < 0.0001) with reductions of 2–6 % at the most dilute level (10^?4) and 60–100 % at the most concentrated level (10^?1), depending on the experiment. Supplementation, with or without T. aggressivum, had no significant effect on mushroom yield (P ≥ 0.85) but a high degree of substrate mixing was shown to significantly increase (P < 0.0001) T. aggressivum-associated crop losses. Four T. aggressivum detection methods were evaluated and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method gave the most consistent and least variable results. Cycle threshold (CT) values ranged from 24 to 40, depending on the experiment and the inoculum dilution level, and false negatives (CT = 40) were reported on one occasion with the most dilute samples. The results indicate that Phase III mushroom substrate is vulnerable to infection by T. aggressivum when the fully colonised substrate is broken up and mixed during bulk handling operations, identifying a previously unidentified risk for Phase III substrate producers.  相似文献   

IBR and BVD control: the key to successful herd management     

Makoschey B  Franken P  Mars JM  Dubois E  Schroeder C  Thiry J  Alvarez M  Rypuła K  Cavirani S  Arnaiz I  Houtain JY  Bartak P  Brownlie J  Wolf G  Meyer G  Klees W  Beer M  Moennig V  Thiry E 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(11-12):519-21, 516-8

Control of IBR and BVD should be possible in Europe. Effective vaccines and reliable tools for monitoring are available. Systematic approach and strict implementation of control measures are essential. Voluntary or mandatory programs are ongoing on regional or national level in a lot of countries. Successful programs put pressure on surrounding regions/countries to initiate control program as well.  相似文献   

Detection of Latent Sphaeropsis sapinea Infections in Austrian Pine Tissues Using Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction     

Flowers J  Hartman J  Vaillancourt L 《Phytopathology》2003,93(12):1471-1477

ABSTRACT Sphaeropsis sapinea is the causal agent of Sphaeropsis tip blight disease of pines. Past surveys of diseased and symptomless Austrian and Scots pines revealed that latent infections of symptomless shoots by S. sapinea are common. The role of these latent infections in the tip blight disease is unknown. A sampling technique and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol were developed to detect latent S. sapinea in symptomless pine shoots. The sampling protocol was designed to be minimally destructive to the shoot so it could be preserved for further studies. The primers that were developed were specific for S. sapinea DNA and did not amplify DNA from any of 13 other endophytic fungal species that were commonly isolated from symptomless pine shoots. The PCR primers also amplified DNA of Botryosphaeria obtusa, which was, however, rare in symptomless Austrian pine tissues. The protocol detected as little as 0.93 pg of S. sapinea DNA in terminal bud samples and 10.4 pg of DNA in bark samples. Correlation (chi-square) analyses indicated that the nested-PCR protocol detected latent S. sapinea infections in both bud and bark samples with an efficiency that was statistically equivalent to isolating the fungus from the tissue. The nested-PCR protocol will make it possible to more quickly identify latent S. sapinea infections in symptomless pine shoots and should be useful in future studies of the latency phenomenon.  相似文献   

Forces loading the tarsal joint in the hind limb of the horse, determined from in vivo strain measurements of the third metatarsal bone     

H C Schamhardt  W Hartman  J L Lammertink 《American journal of veterinary research》1989,50(5):728-733

Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the dorsal, lateral, medial, and plantar aspects of the third metatarsal bone in the hind limbs of 6 ponies. The maximal compressive principal strain was approximately -600 X 10(-6) m/m, and exceeded the amplitudes of the tensile strains at all aspects of the bone. After transformation, the shear strain and the principal strains parallel and perpendicular to the bone were obtained. The first peak in the bending strain was higher in the dorsal and lateral aspects, and the second peak was higher in the medial and plantar aspects. Young modulus of elasticity was determined in a 4-point bending test at the dorsal and plantar sides; it averaged 19.5 GPa in tension and compression. Applying linear bending theory, the eccentricity of an axial force parallel or a bending force perpendicular to the bone were calculated. The position where the total force penetrated the tarsometatarsal joint surface was largely within the joint surface, indicating that the joint is merely loaded in (eccentric) compression.  相似文献   

Letters to the Editor     

Leibowitz H  Hartman T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1960,131(3395):232-235

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C-reactive protein in dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D Caspi  F W Snel  R M Batt  D Bennett  G R Rutteman  E G Hartman  M L Baltz  E Gruys  M B Pepys 《American journal of veterinary research》1987,48(6):919-921

Serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs with various diseases or undergoing various procedures were measured by specific immunoassay. In 20 healthy dogs from various sources, values were all less than 5 mg/L, but in 22 healthy dogs from a single source, values ranged from less than 5 mg/L in 14 dogs and from 8 to 67 mg/L in 8 dogs. Increased concentrations of serum CRP were attained 24 hours after injection of casein (n = 9; median 188 mg/L), ovariohysterectomy (n = 11; median, 144 mg/L), or elective, nonacute orthopedic surgery (n = 10; median, 83 mg/L). After inoculation of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (n = 5), the behavior of serum CRP as an acute-phase reactant provided a sensitive and precise objective reflection of in vivo response. The CRP concentration in random single-serum samples from 73 dogs with other inflammatory and noninflammatory disorders ranged from normal (less than 5 mg/L) to 246 mg/L and generally correlated with the extent and activity of disease.  相似文献   

Clinical Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis serovar lora infection in a stud farm in The Netherlands     

T S van den Ingh  E G Hartman  Z Bercovich 《The Veterinary quarterly》1989,11(3):175-182

A Leptospira interrogans serogroup australis serovar lora infection in a stud farm is reported. During three successive years (1984-1986) clinical leptospirosis with a severe often rapid, fatal course was seen in 12 foals. Clinical examination revealed severe respiratory distress, depression and pyrexia. Other symptoms were diarrhea (2), jaundice (1), and an unsteady gait (1). Morphological characteristics of the disease were massive pulmonary haemorrhage and haemorrhagic-thrombotic or extracapillary glomerulonephritis with tubulonephrosis and interstitial oedema. In most foals high or increasing MAT titres to serovar bratislava were found; from one foal Leptospira interrogans serovar lora was isolated. Serological examination of all 56 mares at the farm (August 1986) revealed antibodies to serovar bratislava in 64 per cent of the animals. These findings support the idea that Leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava and closely related strains (in this study serovar lora) may be adapted to and maintained by the horse population.  相似文献