A comparative review of fisheries management experiences in the European Union and in other countries worldwide: Iceland,Australia, and New Zealand          下载免费PDF全文

Paul Marchal  Jesper Levring Andersen  Martin Aranda  Mike Fitzpatrick  Leyre Goti  Olivier Guyader  Gunnar Haraldsson  Aaron Hatcher  Troels Jacob Hegland  Pascal Le Floc'h  Claire Macher  Loretta Malvarosa  Christos D Maravelias  Simon Mardle  Arantza Murillas  J Rasmus Nielsen  Rosaria Sabatella  Anthony D M Smith  Kevin Stokes  Thomas Thoegersen  Clara Ulrich 《Fish and Fisheries》2016,17(3):803-824

This study compares the details and performance of fisheries management between the EU and a selection of other countries worldwide: Iceland, New Zealand, and Australia, which are considered in many respects to be among the most advanced in the world in fisheries management. Fisheries management in the EU, Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand has developed following different paths, despite being based on similar instruments and principles. Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand have been at the forefront of developing management practices such as stakeholder involvement, legally binding management targets (Australia, New Zealand), individual transferable quotas, and discard bans (Iceland, New Zealand). The EU has since the beginning of the 21st century taken significant steps to better involve stakeholders and establish quantitative targets through management plans, and a landing obligation is gradually being implemented from 2015 onward. The management of domestic fisheries resources in Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland has, overall, performed better than in the EU, in terms of conservation and economic efficiency. It should, however, be stressed that, compared to Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland, (i) initial over‐capacity was more of an issue in the EU when management measures became legally binding and also that (ii) EU has been progressive in developing common enforcement standards, on stocks shared by sovereign nations. The situation of EU fisheries has substantially improved over the period 2004–2013 in the northeast Atlantic, with fishery status getting close to that in the other jurisdictions, but the lack of recovery for Mediterranean fish stocks remains a concern.  相似文献   

Characterization of Cylindrodendrum,Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria isolates associated with loquat decline in Spain,with description of Cylindrodendrum alicantinum sp. nov.     

Carlos Agustí-Brisach  Ana Cabral  Elisa González-Domínguez  Ana Pérez-Sierra  Maela León  Paloma Abad-Campos  José García-Jiménez  Helena Oliveira  Josep Armengol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,145(1):103-118

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Assessment of phylogenetic signal in the germination ability of Phelipanche ramosa on Brassicaceae hosts          下载免费PDF全文

S Gibot‐Leclerc  F Dessaint  C Reibel  V Le corre 《Weed Research》2016,56(6):452-461

Phelipanche ramosa is a generalist parasitic weed known to cause yield losses in various crops, especially in winter oilseed rape, its new preferred host in France. This parasitic plant is also able to complete its life cycle on many Brassicaceae weeds, which are thus important alternative hosts. We studied a set of 14 common Brassicaceae weeds and characterised their ability to induce the germination of three genetically distinct pathovars of P. ramosa, based on in vitro experiments. We then investigated whether phylogenetic relatedness among Brassicaceae weeds could inform on their ability to induce germination of P. ramosa by testing for a phylogenetic signal in the germination rate of the parasite. In the presence of some phylogenetic signal, phylogenetic distances among species might be used as a surrogate to predict the ability to induce germination of potential additional Brassicaceae hosts. The three pathovars studied showed different germination patterns. Moreover, we found substantial variation in the germination rate of P. ramosa among the different Brassicaceae species, with a significant effect of the clustering of species into two ancient phylogenetic lineages. However, no significant phylogenetic signal was detected overall, that is we could not exclude that germination rates were randomly distributed over the phylogeny. We suggest that further analyses should be conducted across wider sets of potential hosts to better characterise the existence of a phylogenetic signal of the ability of weeds to induce the germination of P. ramosa.  相似文献   

城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物共堆肥效果研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴阳  喻徐良  徐乐中  梅娟 《浙江农业学报》2016,28(5):847

为促进城市有机废弃物的减量化与资源化利用,以城市污泥和园林绿化废弃物为堆肥原料,研究城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物不同配比对共堆肥效果的影响。结果表明：不同配比对共堆肥效果具有显著影响。与质量比2∶3和3∶3的处理相比,城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物采用45∶3的比例可显著加快堆体升温进程,提高堆体温度并延长高温持续时间;各处理水溶性有机碳与有机质含量均随堆肥进行而下降,其中4.5∶3与6∶3处理的降解量显著高于2∶3与3∶3;堆肥后相对全氮含量较堆肥前均有所增加,且4.5∶3与6∶3处理要显著高于2∶3与3∶3,但前两者绝对氮损失率要高于后者。考虑到为将两种废弃物同时最大化处理并取得较好的堆肥效果,建议城市污泥与园林绿化废弃物采用质量比4.5∶3的比例混合共堆肥。  相似文献   

陆地棉盐胁迫应答基因GhWRKY41的克隆与分析     

苏莹  甄军波  张曦  王玉美  李乐  华金平 《中国农业大学学报》2016,21(12):1-11

为研究转录因子GhWRKY41在陆地棉盐胁迫应答过程中的作用,基于差减文库分析结果,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了GhWRKY41基因(GenBank登录号为HM002635)。该基因cDNA长度为1 630bp,含有ORF(Open reading frame)为1 068bp,编码355个氨基酸的多肽,包含2个内含子。通过瞬时表达分析亚细胞定位,结果表明,转录因子GhWRKY41定位于细胞核,符合转录因子特性。转基因株系发芽试验结果表明,过量表达GhWRKY41基因,可显著提高转基因棉花在干旱、盐和低温胁迫下的发芽率;利用Real-time PCR技术,证明在盐和干旱胁迫条件下,转基因株系中GhWRKY41基因的表达量显著上升。GhWRKY41基因在根、茎和叶片中表达存在差异,根系中胁迫6h上调达到最高,茎中则胁迫48h达到最高,而叶片中仅6和24h上调表达。进一步比较转基因棉花与野生型棉花的纤维品质性状,结果表明GhWRKY41的过表达可以提高转基因棉花的衣分。因此,GhWRKY41参与了棉花响应盐和干旱胁迫应答过程,且过表达可提高转基因棉花耐盐性和耐旱性。  相似文献   

库尔勒香梨3种树形冠层结构和产量品质的比较     

江振斌  廖康  赵世荣  达梦香  徐桂香  章世奎  徐乐 《新疆农业科学》2016,53(10):1816

[目的]比较库尔勒香梨3种树形冠层结构以及果实产量与品质的差异,为库尔勒香梨树形的评价与选择提供理论基础.[方法]用LAI-2200冠层分析仪对水平棚架形、疏散分层形和自然开心形库尔勒香梨的冠层结构、产量、品质进行测定分析,比较其差异.[结果]水平棚架形库尔勒香梨的叶面积指数最大;疏散分层形总枝量最高,与水平棚架形和自然开心形相比,分别高出25.4;、13.8;,而水平棚架形总枝量最低.不同树形产量存在差异,3种树形单果质量和单株产量大小排序为水平棚架形＞自然开心形＞疏散分层形.水平棚架形特级果率最高,与疏散分层形相比,提高了18.5;.3种树形脱萼果率、宿萼果率、凸顶果率差异极显著(P＞0.01),水平棚架形脱萼果率最高.自然开心形和水平棚架形的脱萼果率与疏散分层形相比,分别提高了41.6;、23.3;.水平棚架形L值、b值最大,但其a值最小,自然开心形a值最大.水平棚架形与自然开心形的可滴定酸和VC存在显著差异,其可滴定酸和VC均高于自然开心形.自然开心形可溶性固形物、总糖、固酸比、糖酸比均最高,而硬度、可滴定酸最低.[结论]库尔勒香梨3种树形中,水平棚架形叶面积指数最大,疏散分层形次之.3种树形枝量差异较大,疏散分层形的总枝量最高,与水平棚架形和自然开心形相比,分别高出25.4;、13.8;.不同树形的产量存在差异,水平棚架形产量比疏散分层形高12.8;.水平棚架形优等果率和脱萼果率明显高于其它两种树形,与疏散分层形相比,分别高出18.5;、14.8;.水平棚架形和自然开心形果实内在品质较优且差异较小,而疏散分层形内在品质较差.  相似文献   

大麦种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选及抗旱性评价   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

鞠乐  齐军仓  贺雪  王丹  侯忠庆  付强  熊显鹏 《新疆农业科学》2016,53(11):2008

【目的】研究大麦种子萌发期形态指标与抗旱性的关系,构建抗旱性评价方法。【方法】采用20;PEG8000模拟干旱胁迫,测定其9项形态指标。采用相关性分析及因子分析等筛选大麦种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定指标,并运用隶属函数法对101份大麦材料进行抗旱性综合评价。【结果】这9项形态指标与抗旱性均呈显著的相关关系。【结论】发芽势、发芽率、胚根长、胚芽长、胚芽鞘长、胚根干重、胚芽干重、根冠比、物质转运速率等指标均可作为大麦种子萌发期重要的抗旱性鉴定指标。采用隶属函数法筛选出Z027S078T、新引D7为抗旱性极强的材料;垦啤6号、贝赖勒斯为抗旱性极弱的材料。  相似文献   

沙棘叶中总黄酮提取纯化工艺研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

安乐  郁长治  郭小娜 《安徽农业科学》2016,(11):154-155

[目的]建立沙棘叶中总黄酮的最佳提取纯化工艺。[方法]采用正交设计试验,以高效液相色谱图中主要化学成分的峰面积为指标,考察提取温度、提取料液比、乙醇浓度对沙棘叶中总黄酮提取率的影响。[结果]确定沙棘叶中总黄酮的最佳提取条件为A3B2C2,即提取温度60℃、料液比1∶10(g∶m L)、乙醇浓度60%;固定超声功率60 Hz,时间30 min,连续提取2次。[结论]该提取工艺黄酮提取率高,质量易于控制,为沙棘中黄酮类成分的提取和测定提供依据。  相似文献   

中心支轴喷灌机灌溉牧草管理技术及灌溉制度     

程锦远  王全喜  李永龙  苏佳佳  周乐  李玉林 《农业工程》2016,6(4):51-53

中心支轴喷灌机在我国规模化牧草种植上应用时间较短,普遍缺乏管理技术,大多靠经验制定灌溉制度,导致应用效果参差不齐。介绍了土壤水分常用的概念,提出中心支轴喷灌机灌溉管理技术、灌溉制度制定方法及喷头的选择,实现科学灌溉,促进牧草增产增收。   相似文献   

Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) in the Environment: a Review of Potential Risks on Human and Environmental Health     

Sein León-Silva  Fabián Fernández-Luqueño  Fernando López-Valdez 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(9):306

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