Effect of long‐term fertilization and manuring on potassium release properties in a Typic Ustochrept     

Sanjay Srivastava  T. Raghavareddy Rupa  Anand Swarup  Dhyan Singh 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(3):352-356

A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha^—1, P: 26 kg ha^—1, and K: 33 kg ha^—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha^—1, P: 17 kg ha^—1, and K: 17 kg ha^—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg^—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl₂ solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.  相似文献   

Embryonic and larval developments of brackish water catfish,Mystus gulio (Hamilton and Buchanan, 1822) induced with human chorionic gonadotropin and consequent larval rearing          下载免费PDF全文

Prem Kumar  Gouranga Biswas  Tapas Kumar Ghoshal  Muniyandi Kailasam  Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(7):2466-2476

Mystus gulio, the long whiskers catfish, is a popular food fish and potential candidate species for aquaculture in Sundarban area of India and Bangladesh. Recently, catch of this species has declined due to overfishing and various ecological changes. In the present study, mature fish was induced to spawn in captivity through intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin at the doses of 10 IU/g to female and 5 IU/g to male. Photomicrographs of all developmental stages of live embryo and larvae were documented with the aid of a light microscope. Results demonstrated that morula, blastula, gastrula and neurula and organogenesis ended at 1:30‐, 3:00‐, 5:30‐, 7:30‐ and 17:15‐hour post‐spawning (hps) respectively. Heartbeat and muscular contraction of embryo commenced at 8:30 and 11.15 hps respectively. Hatching of embryo started after an incubation period of 17:30 hour at an ambient temperature of 29 ± 1°C. The newly hatched larvae measured 2.17 ± 0.29 mm in total length with a yolk volume of 0.165 ± 0.03 mm³ started feeding 36 hr after hatching. The present study, on induced breeding and chronological development of M. gulio embryo, will have significant implications on conservation and seed production for aquaculture.  相似文献   

Leveraging the Antibacterial Properties of Knitted Fabrics by Admixture of Polyester-Silver Nanocomposite Fibres     

Prakash Khude  Abhijit Majumdar  Bhupendra Singh Butola 《Fibers and Polymers》2018,19(7):1403-1410

Leveraging the antibacterial properties of polyester-cotton knitted fabrics has been attempted in this research by admixture of small proportion of polyester-silver nanocomposite fibres. Polyester-cotton (50:50) yarns were spun by mixing 10, 20 and 30 % (wt.%) polyester-silver nanocomposite fibres with normal polyester fibres so that overall proportion of polyester fibre becomes 50 %. The proportion of cotton fibre was constant (50 %) in all the yarns. Three parameters, namely blend proportion (wt.%) of nanocomposite fibres, yarn count and knitting machine gauge were varied, each at three levels, for producing 27 knitted fabrics. Polyester-cotton knitted fabrics prepared from polyester-silver nanocomposite fibres showed equally good antibacterial activity (65-99 %) against both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Antibacterial properties were enhanced with the increase in the proportion of polyester-silver nanocomposite fibres, yarn coarseness and increased compactness of knitted fabrics. Yarn count and blend proportion of nanocomposite fibre were found to have very dominant influence in determining the antibacterial properties of knitted fabrics.  相似文献   

Sorption–desorption of fipronil in some soils,as influenced by ionic strength,pH and temperature          下载免费PDF全文

Anand Singh  Anjana Srivastava  Prakash C Srivastava 《Pest management science》2016,72(8):1491-1499

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Microbial Diversity and Bioactive Substances in Disease Suppressive Composts from India     

C. M. Mehta  D. Yu  R. Srivastava  A. Sinkkonen  J. M. Kurola  V. Gupta 《Compost science & utilization》2016,24(2):105-116

The present study aimed to investigate microbial communities in seven Indian composts and their potential for biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In addition, identification of bioactive substances in disease suppressive composts was also attempted. Composts were chosen based on disease suppressiveness and subjected to molecular microbial analyses. Total genomic DNA from the composts was extracted and amplified with polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes of fungi and bacteria, respectively. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting and DNA sequencing were used to identify the fungal and bacterial targets. Phylogenetic analysis of the fungal 18S rRNA ITS gene sequences showed that phylum Ascomycota was dominant in all composts, while in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences, the phylum Proteobacteria was dominant. Some fungi in disease suppressive composts grouped phylogenetically close to F. oxysporum. Bacterial sequences with close similarity (>95% identity) with Actinobacterium showed a strong presence only in disease suppressive composts. Disease suppressive composts formed a separate group in the cluster analysis of 18S rRNA ITS and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry was performed with compost extracts to determine if bioactive substances were present in disease suppressive composts. The analysis of compost organic matter showed a negative association of disease suppressiveness with phloroglucinol, sitosterol, and monoenoic fatty acid, while cholesterol and certain organic acids were positively associated with suppressiveness.  相似文献   

Development of Jatropha hybrids with enhanced growth,yield and oil attributes suitable for semi-arid wastelands     

Aruna R. Prakash  Sarnam Singh  Ch. Ravi Prakash  Arup Ghosh  Pradeep K. Agarwal 《Agroforestry Systems》2016,90(3):541-553

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Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Raised on Contrasting Soil Types     

A. K. Srivastava  Shyam Singh 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(4):447-456

Efforts were made to develop soil fertility variogram-based site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) practices in Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) grown on smectite clay soil (Typic Ustorthent and Typic Haplustert) of central India. Different SSNM treatments were more responsive on Ustorthent than Haplustert due to difference in type and magnitude of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Best SSNM treatment in terms of response on canopy growth, yield, fruit quality, and soil-plant nutrient buildup were observed to be T₉ [nitrogen (N₁₂₀₀) + phosphorus (P₆₀₀) + potassium (K₆₀₀) + M₁S₁] and T₆ (N₆₀₀ + P₄₀₀ + K₃₀₀ + M₁S₁) on shallow soil and deep soil, respectively, within the same orchard. Fertilizer use needs to be tailored per these doses instead of recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) (T₁₆) as a basis. Effect of K was more pronounced at N₆₀₀ + P₄₀₀ (T₅–T₈) than at N₁₂₀₀ + P₆₀₀ (T₉–T₁₂), irrespective of soil types.  相似文献   

Degradation of AM Nitrification Inhibitor in Soil of Subtropical Region     

Anjana Srivastava  Kailash Singh Rawat  Santosh Chandra Bhatt  Deepa Rawat  Prakash Chandra Srivastava 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(17):1961-1966

The aim of the study was to evaluate the degradation and persistence of 2-amino 4-chloro 6-methyl pyrimidine (AM), nitrification inhibitor at 1 and 2 µg g^?1 application rates in soil. The extraction of AM was done by QuEChER’s (Quick, Easy. Cheap. Rugged and Safe) method and the quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AM decreased with time at both the levels of application with the decline being faster in the beginning up to 7 d. Dissipation of AM occurred in a single phase with the persistence data fitting well to the first-order kinetics. Half-lives of AM were determined to be 14.33 and 16.7 d at 1 and 2 µg g^–1 levels application rates. Since AM remains effective for an adequate period of time, it can be used for increasing efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers in rice–wheat cropping systems as well as a safeguard for controlling environmental pollution in subtropical soils.  相似文献   

Diversity in weed seed production and the soil seed bank: Contrasting responses between two agroecosystems     

Rajani Srivastava  K.P. Singh 《Weed Biology and Management》2014,14(1):21-30

This study was carried out to compare the diversity in seed production and the soil seed bank in a dryland and an irrigated agroecosystem in the dry tropics. Both agroecosystems showed a comparable number of species, but only 25% and 38% similarity during the winter and rainy cropping seasons, respectively. In the irrigated agroecosystem, the amount of seed production diversity was almost double in the winter season, compared to the rainy season. The weed seedbank diversity was low but was sensitive to cropping practices and seasons in both agroecosystems. A considerably smaller soil seedbank size in the irrigated agroecosystem (cf. dryland) was related to lowered weed seed production. The dryland agroecosystem showed a greater accumulation of the seeds of broad‐leaved weeds, whereas the irrigated agroecosystem accumulated more seeds of the grasses or sedges. About three‐fourths of the seeds during the winter season were accounted for by Anagallis arvensis and Chenopodium album in the dryland agroecosystem and by C. album and Melilotus indica in the irrigated agroecosystem. However, during the rainy season, Ammannia baccifera, Echinochloa colona and Cyperus rotundus dominated in both agroecosystems. The changes in the weed seed bank and its diversity are mainly attributed to differences in water management, which tends to reduce species diversity, especially at a lower depth, but leads to the dominance of some potentially noxious weeds (e.g. Phalaris minor and M. indica). Approximately double the soil seedbank size and a greater diversity at a lower depth might indicate an adaptive mechanism in the storage of weed seeds in the dryland agroecosystem.  相似文献   

Biology and management of the fast‐emerging threat of broomrape in rapeseed–mustard     

Sanjay Singh Rathore  Kapila Shekhawat  Om Prakash Premi  Basant Kumar Kandpal  Jitendra Singh Chauhan 《Weed Biology and Management》2014,14(3):145-158

Broomrapes (Phelipanche and Orobanche spp.) are obligate root parasites of the family Orobanchaceae. The natural variation in Orobanchaceae exists in plants involving Triphysaria versicolor (facultative hemiparasite), Striga hermonthica (obligate hemiparasite) and Phelipanche aegyptiaca, formerly Orobanche aegyptiaca (holoparasite). The family Orobanchaceae has 90 genera. The four major parasitic species of broomrape are Phelipanche ramosa in the Brassicas, especially in rapeseed, Phelipanche cernua in tobacco and sunflower, P. aegyptiaca in solanacious crops and in Brassica juncea and Phelipanche crenata in leguminous crops. They are prevalent, infesting nearly 1.2% of the world's arable land. In India, P. ramosa and P. aegyptiaca cause severe infestations of Brassica and have threatened its cultivation in major growing areas. In addition, a single broomrape plant can release >100 000 seeds that remain viable for decades in the soil. This provides the parasite with a great genetic adaptability to environmental changes, including host resistance, agronomical practices and herbicide treatments. Different control measures, such as manual weeding, herbicide applications, solarization, crop rotation and integrated broomrape management practices, have been proposed in order to reduce the broomrape menace and improve yields in farmers' fields. Breeding for broomrape resistance also could be an economic, feasible and environmental friendly control method. The present article reviews the current status of research on broomrape in India and abroad, as well as suggests strategies for its effective management.  相似文献