Identification of mungbean lines with tolerance or resistance to yellow mosaic in fields in India where different begomovirus species and different <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> cryptic species predominate     

R. M. Nair  M. Götz  S. Winter  R. R. Giri  V. N. Boddepalli  A. Sirari  T. S. Bains  G. K. Taggar  H. K. Dikshit  M. Aski  M. Boopathi  D. Swain  A. Rathore  V. Anil Kumar  E. C. Lii  L. Kenyon 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,147(2):349-364

The segmentation of symptoms during image analysis of diseased plant leaves is an essential process for detection and classification of diseases. However, there are challenges involved in the task, many of them related to the variability of image and host/symptom characteristics and conditions. As a result of those challenges, the methods proposed in the literature so far focus on a specific problem and are usually bounded by tight constraints regarding image capture conditions. This research explores a new automatic method for segmenting disease symptoms on plant leaves that was designed to be applicable in a wide range of situations. The proposed technique employs only color channel manipulations and Boolean operations applied on binary masks, thus being simpler and more robust compared to many previously described automatic methods. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by tests performed over a large database containing images of 77 different diseases of 11 plant species. A comparison with manual segmentation is also presented, further reinforcing the advantages of the proposed approach.  相似文献   

Movement of cyantraniliprole in plants after foliar applications and its impact on the control of sucking and chewing insects          下载免费PDF全文

James D Barry  Hector E Portillo  I Billy Annan  Rachel A Cameron  Donald G Clagg  Robert F Dietrich  Lawrence J Watson  Robert M Leighty  David L Ryan  James A McMillan  R Scott Swain  Raymond A Kaczmarczyk 《Pest management science》2015,71(3):395-403

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Agrobacterium × plant factors influencing transformation of ‘Joseph's coat’ (Amaranthus tricolor L.)     

Swasti S. Swain  Lopamudra SahuDurga P. Barik  Pradeep K. Chand 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010

A protocol is developed for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Amaranthus tricolor via explant co-cultivation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Bacteria-plant specific factors which influenced transformation were optimized. Of the two Agrobacterium strains employed, LBA9402 was more infectious compared to A4. Bacterial suspensions grown overnight with 100 μM acetosyringone and experiencing O.D.₆₆₀ = 0.6 followed by dilution to a density of 10⁹ cells ml⁻¹ were the most effective. Explants from garden-grown plants were more responsive than those from in vitro cultures; stem internodes being better than leaves. Immersion of the pre-pricked explants in bacterial suspension resulted in a markedly higher transformation frequency compared to the direct injection method. The infection of internode explants with the LBA9402 strain followed by co-cultivation on growth regulator-free MS medium (MS0) for 5 days resulted in emergence of hairy roots up to a maximum frequency of 97.22%. Roots were individually cultured in MS0, but fortified with bactericidal antibiotic (500 μg ml⁻¹ cefotaxime). Rhizoclones showing prolific growth were renewed through successive subcultures in MS0. Opine gene expression was revealed by positive agropine and mannopine synthesis in all selected transformed rhizoclones. Shoot regeneration from root clones, capable of auxin-independent growth and opine proficiency, was stimulated in MS augmented with 2.0 mg l⁻¹ zeatin. pRi TL–DNA rolB and pRi TR–DNA man2 ORF were detected in leaf tissues of regenerated plants from selected hairy root clones through PCR amplification. The implication of such findings is discussed on the possibility of conferring protection to crop amaranths against biotic stress challenges, particularly due to insects, viruses or fungal pathogens.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance,immune responses and enzyme activity in rohu,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)     

Priyabrat Swain  Rakesh Das  Aakankshya Das  Soumesh Kumar Padhi  Krushna Chandra Das  Sudhansu S. Mishra 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2019,25(2):486-494

A 120‐day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) nanoparticles (NPs) on growth, immunological and enzymatic profiles in rohu, Labeo rohita. Fishes were fed with basal diet incorporated with laboratory‐synthesized nanoparticles, viz., zinc oxide nanoparticles—10 mg/kg and Se nanoparticles—0.3 mg/kg throughout the experimental period. At an interval of every 30 days, treated and control fishes were randomly collected and subjected to estimation of growth, non‐specific immune parameters and serum enzyme assays. It was observed that there was significant (p < 0.05) increase in growth and non‐specific immune parameters like respiratory burst, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities as compared to the control group (only basal diet). Serum enzymatic profiles such as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities down‐regulated (p < 0.05) in treated group compared to control group, and superoxide dismutase and acetylcholine esterase activity up‐regulated in treated group. The relative percentage survival (RPS) found to be significantly higher in treated groups (60.00 ± 8.82%) as compared to control group (45.00 ± 6.17%) while challenged with virulent bacterial strain Aeromonas hydrophila. These results indicated that dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and selenium (Se) nanoparticles stimulates immunity and enhances resistance to bacterial infection in L. rohita.  相似文献   

Nano zinc supplementation in goat (Capra hircus) ration improves immunity,serum zinc profile and IGF-1 hormones without affecting thyroid hormones     

Partha Sarathi Swain  Somu Bala Nageswara Rao  Duraisamy Rajendran  Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy  Sukanta Mondal  Dintaran Pal  Sellapan Selvaraju 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(4):621-629

The trial was aimed at evaluating probable superiority, if any of nano zinc (NZn) over inorganic zinc (Zn) on immunity, serum minerals and T₃, T₄, and IGF-1 hormone profiles in goats. NZn was synthesized by using 0.45 M aqueous solution of Zn nitrate and 0.9 M aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (average particle size 74 nm). Twenty-four male goats were grouped into four groups as per their body weight and were supplemented with either a basal diet with concentrate and straw at 50:50 ratio (Negative control, NC) alone or supplemented with 50 mg/kg Zn (Control) from inorganic Zn source, that is ZnO (IZn-50), 50 mg/kg Zn from NZn (NZn-50) or 25 mg/kg Zn from NZn (NZn-25). No change was observed in thyroid hormone status on zero and 90th day of experimental feeding, but NZn supplementation improved (p < 0.05) IGF-1 level on 90th day serum samples. Zn supplementation improved the humoral immunity in all the groups irrespective of the source. Similarly, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) measured by skinfold thickness after injecting Con-A, was also improved in Zn supplemented groups than control at 6, 12 and 48 h of incubation. NZn-50 animals showed highest HI (haemagglutination inhibition) titre as well as skin thickness. The (cluster of differentiation in %) was more (p < 0.05) in Zn supplemented groups. NZn-50 showed higher (p < 0.05) count than NC and similar (p > 0.05) to IZn-50 and NZn-25 groups without affecting (p > 0.05) the ratio of , among the treatment groups. Thus, NZn supplementation at 25 mg/kg had similar immunity and serum T₃, T₄ and IGF-1 profiles compared with IZn at 50 mg/kg dose.  相似文献   

Evaluation of genetic diversity among commercial cultivars, hybrids and local mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes of India using cumulative RAPD and ISSR markers     

K. C. Samal  R. C. Jena  S. S. Swain  B. K. Das  P. K. Chand 《Euphytica》2012,185(2):195-213

An assessment of genetic diversity studies was undertaken to understand the level and pattern of diversity in 65 mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes of India including 20 commercial cultivars, 18 hybrids, 25 local genotypes and two exotic cultivars based on qualitative and quantitative fruit characters as well as RAPD and ISSR profiles. A considerable variation was observed in respect of three important qualitative characters namely table quality, fruit attractiveness and storage life of ripe fruits and potentially superior genotypes for the above traits were identified. A wide variation was noticeable regarding metabolite composition of pulp of ripe mango fruit with respect to total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, acidity, sugar:acid ratio, ascorbic acid and phenolic content. Fifteen RAPD primers yielded 27 monomorphic and 129 polymorphic bands with percent polymorphism averaging 82.7%. Of a total 70 ISSR bands generated from eight ISSR primers, 60 bands (85.71%) were found to be polymorphic. Cumulative band data from these two methods precisely arranged accessions into eight clusters which correspond well with their pedigree relationship. UPGMA dendrograms drawn using RAPD, ISSR and cumulative data showed highly similar grouping of genotypes on the basis of their parental origin. No clear-cut geographical separation was revealed among East, West, North and South Indian mango cultivars by neither of these molecular markers nor their combinations. This supports the common gene pool origin of mango as well as operation of similar selection pressure as the cultivar preferences in these areas are largely similar.  相似文献   

EFFECT OF STRENGTH, TILTH AND HETEROGENEITY OF THE SOIL SURFACE ON RADICLE-ENTRY OF SURFACE-SOWN SEEDS     

M. H. Campbell  F. G. Swain  † 《Grass and Forage Science》1973,28(1):41-50

Seeds of Medicago sativa, Trifolium subterraneum, Lolium perenne and Phalaris tuberosa were sown on different soil surfaces and the effects of strength, tilth and heterogeneity of the surface on the entry of the radicle into the soil were noted. On a level, finely structured soil surface prepared in the laboratory slight increases in soil strength markedly reduced percentage radicle-entry. At constant soil strength, radicle-entry was greater on coarse than on fine tilth; which helped to explain the higher percentage radicle-entry on heterogeneous soil surfaces taken from the field compared with the level, finely structured surface, prepared in the laboratory despite the lower soil strength of the latter. As conditions for radicle-entry hecame less favourable (stronger, smoother surface) the rate of radicle-entry became slower and there was a greater use of radicle-entry methods in which the radicle was more exposed to desiccation. The radicle-entry ability of the four species declined in the order: perennial ryegrass < phalaris < lucerne and subterranean clover. Factors considered to account for the superior radicle-entry of the grasses were better anchorage of the seedling, better angle of entry of the radicle and smaller radicle diameter.  相似文献   

Studies on potato flavour     

T. Swain  R. Self 《Potato Research》1964,7(4):228-237

Summary A method for the quantitative measurement of low-boiling volatile substances produced by potatoes during cooking has been developed using capillary-column gas chromatography. It was found that the sample collecting technique must be rigorously calibrated to eliminate errors due to surface adsorption and the presence of varying quantities of water vapour. The aroma patterns of old season’s tubers of two different varieties have been compared with those of newly lifted ones. The chief difference was found to be the large amounts of methanol produced by the latter.

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Zusammenfassung Die in dieser Publikation beschriebene Methode wurde entwickelt, um die beim Kochen von Knollenmustern entstehenden quantitativen Differenzen bei niedrigsiededen, leicht flüchtigen Bestandteilen zu messen. Ein Kartoffelmuster von 1 g, das mit einem Korkbohrer entnommen wurde, wurde im Glaskolben A (Abb. 1) in 0,8 ml ausgekochtes, destilliertes Wasser eingebracht. Der Wasserkühler B, der eingeschliffene Glasstopfen C und die in rostfreiem Stahl ausgeführte Kühlfalle D sowie die motorgetriebene Sammelspritze E wurden in der inabb. 1 gezeigten Weise verbunden. Nach 30 Minuten Kochzeit in einem ?lbad bei 110±1°C wurde der Glasstopfen von A entfernt und die Spritze zurückgezogen, so dass 1 ml des Dampfes aus dem oberen Teil des Kühlers in die Kühlfalle mit einer Temperatur von −183 C (flüssiger Sauerstoff) übergeführt wurde. Fünf derart zusammengestellte Apparate erm?glichten die gleichzeitige Durchführung von zwei Versuchen mit je einer Wiederholug und einer Kontrolle. Die Inhalte der Kühlfallen wurden dann gaschromatographisch getrennt unter Verwendung einer 25 m langen ββ-oxidipropionitril-belegten Kapilars?ule aus rostfreiem Stahl, nachdem auf einer Vorkolonne mit Poly?thylen-Glycol 200 der restliche Wasserdampf und die h?hersiedenden Komponenten entfernt wurden. Um die durch die Anwesenheit von Wasserdampf und durch Oberfl?chenadsorptionseffekte versursachten Probleme der Messung der Geruchskomponente der Proben zu umgehen, wurden zwei synthetische Mischungen (tabelle 1), je dieselbe Gruppe der bereits bekannten flüchtigen Stoffen der Kartoffel enthaltend, als Standards verwendet, die analog den Kartoffelproben 30 Minuten in der Apparatur nachabb. 1 gekocht wurden. Mit Hilfe der Standardkurven (abb. 2) wurde der mengenm?ssige Anteil der einzelnen Geruchskomponenten in den von den Proben erhaltenen Gaschromatogrammen ermittelt (Spitzenh?he). Wiederholungen aus den gleichen Kartoffelmustern wurden untersucht und die Ergebnisse intabelle 2 zusammengastellt: in den meisten F?llen wurde eine gute übereinstimmung erreicht. Die Methode wurde angewandt, um die aus Knollen alter und neuer Ernte (SortenMajestic undUlster Beacon) stammenden flüchtigen Bestandteile (Tabelle 3) zu untersuchen. Austabelle 3 ist zu entnehmen, dass das MusterUlster Beacon aus alter Ernte zwei-oder mehrmal die Menge der meisten karbonyl- und schwefelhaltigen flüchtigen Bestandteile ergab als das entsprechende Muster der SorteMajestic, w?hrend bei den neuen, unreifen KartoffelnMajestic ein weinig mehr von diesen Verbindungen erbrachte alsUlster Beacon. Die gr?sste mengenm?ssige Differenz zwischen neuen und alten Kartoffeln war der erh?hte Methanologehalt in den ersteren, m?glicherweise infolge einer Differenz im Grad der Methylicrungs des Pektins. Es ist zu hoffen, dass weitere Versuche in dieser Richtung zu objektiven Methoden führen m?ge, um die Geschmackskomponenten zu messen, was den Genetikern und Pflanzenzüchtern in ihrem Bestreben, den Geschmack der Kartoffeln zu verbessern, nützlich sein kann.

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Résumé Ce rapport décrit une méthode de mise au point pour mesurer les différences dans les quantités relatives de produits volatils, à point d’ébullition peu élevé, obtenus en faisant bouillir des échantillons de pommes de terre. Un échantillon de pomme de terre de l g prélevé au moyen d’un perce-bouchon, est immergé dans 0,8 cm³ d’eau distillée en ébullition dans un flacon A (fig. 1). Le condensateur à eau froide B, le bouchon C, le siphon en acier inoxydable D et la seringue d’aspiration E actionnée par un moteur, sont connectés dans l’ordre montré dans lafig. 1. Après 30 minutes d’ébullition effectuée dans un bain d’huile à 110±1°C, on enlève le bouchon en A et la seringue est mise en aspiration de manière que 1 ml de vapeur passe de la tète de condensateur dans le siphon à −183 C (oxygène liquide). Cinq montages semblables permettent de faire simultanément deux expériences en double et une opération-témoin. Les contenus des siphons sont alors séparés par chromatographic gazeuse en utilisant une colonne capillaire en acier inoxydable de 25 m enduite de ββ-oxydipropionitrile après qu’une pré-colonne de glycol polyéthylène 200 a enlevé la vapeur d’eau restante et les composants à point d’ébullition plus élevé. Pour éliminer les problèmes de mensuration, causés par la présence de vapeur d’eau et l’effet d’adsorption de surface, des composants odorants dans les échantillons, une méthode d’étalonnage était nécessaire: deux mélanges artificiels (tableau 1) contenant chacun le méme groupe de produits volatils, déjà identifiés sur pomme de terre, étaient portés à l’ébullition pendant 30 minutes dans le même appareil utilisé pour l’analyse des pommes de terre (fig. 1). Les hauteurs de pointe obtenues sur le chromatogramme gazeux étaient disposées en sens opposé à la concentration en substances volatiles et les lignes d’étalonnage (fig. 2) étaient employées pour mesurer la quantité de ces substances produites par un échantillon donné de pommes de terre. Des répétitions du même échantillon de pomme de terre étaient analysées, les résultats figurant autableau 2: il y a bonne concordance dans la plupart des cas. La méthode fut alors utilisée pour examiner les substances volatiles produites par des échantillons provenant de vieilles et de nouvelles récoltes deMajestic et deUlster Beacon (tableau 3); on peut voir que l’échantillon de vieille récolte deUlster Beacon a produit deux ou plusieurs fois la quantité de la plupart des produits volatils, contenant du earbonyl et du sulfure, de l’échantillon de vieille récolte deMajestic, tandis qu’avec des nouveaux tubercules non m?rs,Majestic produisait un peu plus de ces composés queUlster Beacon. p L’auteur souhaite que de nouvelles expériences dans le mème cadre puissent conduire à des méthodes objectives de détermination des composants de la saveur, méthodes qui pourraient être utiles aux génétistes et aux améliorateurs dans leur recherche pour améliorer la saveur des pommes de terre.

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FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ENGINEERING     

Swain GF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1908,28(713):257-261

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Tissue distribution and developmental expression of the messenger RNA encoding angiogenin   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

H L Weiner  L H Weiner  J L Swain 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4812):280-282

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