Patterns of spatiotemporal change in large mammal distribution and abundance in the southern Western Ghats, India     

Rajeev Pillay  A.J.T. Johnsingh  R. Raghunath  M.D. Madhusudan 《Biological conservation》2011,(5):1567-1576

Large mammals face high risks of anthropogenic extinction owing to their larger body mass and associated life history traits. Recent worldwide mammal declines have highlighted the conservation importance of effective assessments of trends in distribution and abundance of species. Yet reliable data depicting the nature and extent of changes in population parameters is sparse, primarily due to logistical problems in covering large areas and difficulties in obtaining reliable information at large spatial scales, particularly over time. We used key informant surveys to generate detection histories for 18 species of large mammals (body mass > 2 kg) at two points in time (present and 30 years ago) in the Southern subregion of the Western Ghats global biodiversity hotspot. Multiple-season occupancy models were used to assess temporal trends in occupancy, detectability and vital rates of extinction and colonization for each species. Our results show significant declines in distribution for large carnivores, the Asian elephant and endemic ungulates and primates. There is a significant decline in detectability for 16 species, which suggests a decline in their abundance. These patterns of change in distribution and abundance repeat in our assessments of spatial variation in occupancy dynamics between the three contiguous forest complexes and two human-dominated landscapes into which the southern Western Ghats has been fragmented. Extinction rates are highest in the human-dominated landscapes. Declines in abundance for several species suggest the presence of extinction debts, which may soon be repaid with imminent range contractions and subsequent species extinctions unless immediate remedial conservation measures are taken. Detection/non-detection surveys of key informants used in an occupancy modeling framework provide potential for rapid conservation status assessments of multiple species across large spatial scales over time.  相似文献   

Immunomodulation of bivalent Newcastle disease DNA vaccine induced immune response by co-delivery of chicken IFN-γ and IL-4 genes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Sawant PM  Verma PC  Subudhi PK  Chaturvedi U  Singh M  Kumar R  Tiwari AK 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,144(1-2):36-44

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Progress in the utilization of Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen in pigeonpea improvement     

Nalini Mallikarjuna  Senthilvel Senapathy  Deepak R. Jadhav  Kulbhushan Saxena  Hari C. Sharma  Hari D. Upadhyaya  Abishek Rathore  Rajeev Varshney 《Plant Breeding》2011,130(5):507-514

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Mapping QTL for resistance to botrytis grey mould in chickpea     

Chetukuri?Anuradha  Pooran?M.?GaurEmail author  Suresh?Pande  Kishore?K.?Gali  Muthyl?Ganesh  Jagdish?Kumar  Rajeev?K.?Varshney 《Euphytica》2011,182(1):1-9

Botrytis grey mould (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr. is the second most important foliar disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) after ascochyta blight. An intraspecific linkage map of chickpea consisting of 144 markers assigned on 11 linkage groups was constructed from recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a cross that involved a moderately resistant kabuli cultivar ICCV 2 and a highly susceptible desi cultivar JG 62. The length of the map obtained was 442.8 cM with an average interval length of 3.3 cM. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) which together accounted for 43.6% of the variation for BGM resistance were identified and mapped on two linkage groups. QTL1 explained about 12.8% of the phenotypic variation for BGM resistance and was mapped on LG 6A. It was found tightly linked to markers SA14 and TS71rts36r at a LOD score of 3.7. QTL2 and QTL3 accounted for 9.5 and 48% of the phenotypic variation for BGM resistance, respectively, and were mapped on LG 3. QTL 2 was identified at LOD 2.7 and flanked by markers TA25 and TA144, positioned at 1 cM away from marker TA25. QTL3 was a strong QTL detected at LOD 17.7 and was flanked by TA159 at 12 cM distance on one side and TA118 at 4 cM distance on the other side. This is the first report on mapping of QTL for BGM resistance in chickpea. After proper validation, these QTL will be useful in marker-assisted pyramiding of BGM resistance in chickpea.  相似文献   

ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE MECHANISM IN PIGEON PEA UNDER COBALT STRESS     

Rajeev Gopal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(1):136-145

Influence of excess cobalt (Co; 10 to 400 μM Co) on growth, biomass, Co accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, lipid peroxidation, proline, non-protein thiols and cysteine contents as well as activities of anti-oxidative enzymes was studied in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Mill). In pigeon pea leaves decreased concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoids on exposure to excess Co was associated with decrease activity of catalase and super oxide dismutase and suggest antiperoxidative nature of excess Co. However, a marked increase in the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase and enhanced levels of cysteine, non-protein thiols, and proline are suggestive of induction of antioxidants in excess Co. The threshold of toxicity (10% growth reduction) and toxicity (33% growth reduction) values of Co in pigeon pea were 75 and 160 μg g^?1in leaves, 42 and 180 μg g^?1in stem and 50 and 340 μg g^?1Co in roots, respectively.  相似文献   

Nucleotide sequence of L1 and part of P1 of hexon gene of fowl adenovirus associated with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome differs with the corresponding region of other fowl adenoviruses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ganesh K  Suryanarayana V  Raghavan R  Gowda S 《Veterinary microbiology》2001,78(1):1-11

In order to study the serotypic variations in hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) causing virus, the DNA was extracted from the purified virus, a 0.7 kb variable region of hexon gene encoding L1 and part of P1 amplified and sequenced. Both nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences, corresponding to the variable region, were compared with the published fowl adenovirus sequences (FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8). As expected the 0.7 kb sequence showed single open reading frame (ORF). There was a nucleotide sequence variation of 8.2, 28.1 and 40.3%, respectively, with FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8. The dendrogram constructed with the nucleotide sequences showed that HHS virus and FAV10 are closer to each other and are away to FAV1 and FAV8. However, the derived amino acid sequence showed variations as high as 28.8, 38 and 45.1% with FAV serotypes 10, 1 and 8, respectively. Such high degree variation has been found due to the shift in the reading frame caused by deletions indicating that the FAV4 associated with HHS is unique and different from FAV10. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on nucleotide sequence analysis of hexon gene fragment of FAV4 associated with HHS.  相似文献   

Inverse method for operational control of canal systems     

Rajeev Misra 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1995,9(2):163-183

A non-linear explicit inverse solution method for the operational control of remotely controlled canal systems is presented. The model accounts for canal seepage, turnout flows (point sink), control structures with steeply varying and/or discontinuous discharge characteristics. The governing unsteady flow equations are solved backward both in space and time. For each space interval, the use of finite difference approximations for the operational problem results in a system of two non-linear equations in two unknowns. These equations are solved using Newton's method. The method is extended to canal networks. The canal junctions are classified into three types. The controllability of flow for each type of canal junction and for the network as a whole are discussed. The model, though explicit, is found to be unconditionally stable. The model results are verified with the unsteady flow simulation model based on non- linear Preissmen's scheme. The applicability of the model to a canal system is demonstrated.  相似文献   

Humoral antibody response of 10 horses after vaccination against African horse sickness with an inactivated vaccine containing all 9 serotypes in one injection     

Ulrich Wernery  Marina Rodriguez  Rekha Raghavan  Ginu Syriac  Shruti Miriam Thomas M  Shyna K. Elizabeth  Gaetano Federico Ronchi  Rubeena Muhammed  Nissy A. Patteril  Sunitha Joseph 《Equine veterinary journal》2021,53(4):826-833

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Status of free radicals in Indian monsooned coffee beans gamma-irradiated for disinfestation     

Bhushan B  Bhat R  Sharma A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(17):4960-4964

Free radicals in two cultivars of Indian monsooned coffee beans, gamma-irradiated for hygienic and quarantine purposes, were examined by entrapping the small amount of samples in potassium chloride powder in ESR quartz tubes. In contrast to a prominent free radical signal at g = 2.002, observed in spermoderm (silver skin) and cotyledon (whole seed without skin) parts of normal coffee beans, the same was not discernible in monsooned coffee bean parts of both cultivars. The ESR signal was found to be more prominent in the spermoderm than in the whole seed portion of the normal coffee beans. Common practices of roasting and powdering were found to generate quantitatively more free radicals in coffee beans than gamma-irradiation alone. Phenols, contributing maximally to observed free radical signals in coffee beans, were significantly different in normal and monsooned coffee beans. These observations on insignificant free radical population in irradiated monsooned coffee beans may be attributed to their inherent possession of high water activity, favoring decay of free radicals produced. Textural studies with monsooned coffee beans, before and after mild heat treatments, supported these findings.  相似文献   

Flavoring components of raw monsooned arabica coffee and their changes during radiation processing     

Variyar PS  Ahmad R  Bhat R  Niyas Z  Sharma A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(27):7945-7950

Volatile aroma principles, nonvolatile taste constituents (caffeine and chlorogenic and caffeic acids), and glycosidically bound aroma compounds of monsooned and nonmonsooned raw arabica coffee were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the most potent odor active constituents known to contribute to the aroma of the green beans, 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine, 4-vinylguaiacol, beta-damascenone, (E)-2-nonenal, trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, and 3-methylbutyric acid were detected by GC-MS in both samples. A decrease in content of methoxypyrazines and an increase in 4-vinylguaiacol and isoeugenol resulted in a dominant spicy note of monsooned coffee. These phenolic compounds exist partly as their glycosides, and their release from the bound precursors during monsooning accounted for their higher content in monsooned coffee. A considerable decrease in astringent chlorogenic acid as a consequence of hydrolysis to bitter caffeic acid was noted in monsooned coffee. Radiation processing of nonmonsooned beans at a dose of 5 kGy resulted in an increased rate of monsooning. At this dose a quantitative increase in most of the aroma active components could be observed in all samples studied. Hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid to caffeic acid was noted in radiation-processed monsooned coffee beans irrespective of whether the treatment was carried out before or after monsooning. These changes were, however, not observed in irradiated, nonmonsooned coffee beans, suggesting an enzymatic rather than a radiolytic cleavage of chlorogenic acid. A rationale behind the mechanism of monsooning and radiation-induced enhancement of the monsooning process is discussed.  相似文献