Validated method for quantification of genetically modified organisms in samples of maize flour     

Kunert R  Gach JS  Vorauer-Uhl K  Engel E  Katinger H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(3):678-681

Sensitive and accurate testing for trace amounts of biotechnology-derived DNA from plant material is the prerequisite for detection of 1% or 0.5% genetically modified ingredients in food products or raw materials thereof. Compared to ELISA detection of expressed proteins, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) amplification has easier sample preparation and detection limits are lower. Of the different methods of DNA preparation CTAB method with high flexibility in starting material and generation of sufficient DNA with relevant quality was chosen. Previous RT-PCR data generated with the SYBR green detection method showed that the method is highly sensitive to sample matrices and genomic DNA content influencing the interpretation of results. Therefore, this paper describes a real-time DNA quantification based on the TaqMan probe method, indicating high accuracy and sensitivity with detection limits of lower than 18 copies per sample applicable and comparable to highly purified plasmid standards as well as complex matrices of genomic DNA samples. The results were evaluated with ValiData for homology of variance, linearity, accuracy of the standard curve, and standard deviation.  相似文献   

Microbiological and enzymatic properties of soil deposits originating from wind erosion     

Renate Sonnleitner  Franz Schinner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(4):484-489

A characterization of deposits originating from wind erosion of agriculturally managed soils in eastern Austria with the main soil types Chernozems and Allochthonous Calcaric Fluvisols was conducted using measurements of microbial counts, soil respiration, soil microbial biomass, and several enzyme activities. The deposits were rich in organic matter, silt‐ and clay‐sized mineral particles, and had high water‐holding and cation exchange capacities. Microbial counts, biomass, and enzyme activities of the deposits covered ranges frequently reported for agriculturally managed soils. Metabolic quotients indicated reduced energetic efficiences of deposit associated microbial communities. Microorganisms might suffer from stress imposed by habitat destruction, drifting, and unfavorable physical conditions in the deposits. Shifts in microbial communities or properties of organic materials in the deposits might also result in high metabolic quotients. It will be the subject of further study to clarify causal relationships.  相似文献   

Toxoplasmosis in cats can be avoided     

Opsteegh M  Haveman R  Langelaar M  van Knapen F  van der Giessen J 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2011,136(6):437, 439

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Microarray-based genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from camels     

Monecke S  Ehricht R  Slickers P  Wernery R  Johnson B  Jose S  Wernery U 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(3-4):309-314

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of mastitis and other diseases in camels. In order to obtain data on population structure as well as on the carriage of toxin genes and resistance markers, a collection of 45 isolates from dromedaries of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were genotyped. These isolates belonged to clonal complexes CC6 (twenty isolates; 44.44%), CC30 (sixteen isolates; 35.56%), CC188 (five isolates; 11.11%), CC152 (1 isolate, 2.2%) and to a previously un-described sequence type (ST1755: arcc-18, aroe-115, glpf-6, gmk-2 pta-109, tpi-50 and yqil-2; three isolates; 6.67%). Resistance genes proved to be rare. Only three out of 45 isolates (6.67%) carried the beta-lactamase operon. The tetracycline resistance gene tetK was also detected in three isolates (6.67%). Neither the mecA gene, defining MRSA, nor other resistance genes were found. Common virulence markers included leukocidin genes lukD+lukE (in twenty-five isolates; 55.56%), the staphylokinase gene sak (twenty-two isolates; 48.89%), the enterotoxin gene cluster egc (fifteen isolates; 33.33%), and a distinct variant of the enterotoxin A gene (sea-320E, GenBank AY196686.1; thirteen isolates; 28.89%). One CC152 isolate was positive for genes encoding the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukF-PV+lukS-PV). This study provides first genotyping data on the population structure and the presence of toxin genes and resistance markers of S. aureus strains in Middle Eastern camels.  相似文献   

Earliest archeological evidence of fertilization in Central Europe     

Silviane Scharl  Tanja Zerl  Eileen Eckmeier  Renate Gerlach 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2023,186(4):375-382

The beginnings of food production—animal husbandry and crop cultivation—and of a sedentary way of life represent one of the most drastic changes in human history. Likewise, this is accompanied by an increasing human impact on nature, which is mainly caused by agricultural practices. Agriculture is related to the clearing of forests, tillage, maintenance of the cultivated land, and finally harvesting, which alters not only the vegetation cover but also soil fertility as there is a potential risk for a loss of nutrients. People already countered this loss of nutrients in the times of early agriculture through different techniques and practices. The article summarizes the earliest evidence of fertilization in the prehistory of Central Europe and presents the most important methods for their investigation. What significance fertilization had for early farming societies can presently not be estimated due to the small amount of data. We therefore advocate the development of a routine for sampling during archaeological excavations and for the analysis of various materials (sediment and plant remains) using various methods. For this, the awareness must be raised that anthropogenic sediments, such as pit fills, are important archives for research into the history of humankind.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen zum Einfluss differenzierter Wasserversorgung auf den Verlauf der Ertragsbildung und de Ertrag von Kartoffeln (Solanum tuberosum L.) sowie schlussfolgerungen für den effizienten Beregnungseinsatz     

Dieter Roth  Renate Roth  Klaus Kachel 《Potato Research》1987,30(4):625-636

Zusammenfassung In mehrj?hrigen Gef?ss-und Feldversuchen wurde der Einfluss differenzierter Wasserversorgung auf den Knollenertrag sowie die Masseentwicklung bei Kraut und Knollen untersucht. Sowohl bei geringem bis mittlerem als auch bei hohem Bereitstellungsverm?gen an Bodenwasser reagierten die Kartoffeln auf zunehmendes Wasserangebot bis über den Ausgleich der klimatischen Wasserbilanz hinaus mit ausgepr?gtem Ertragsanstieg. Bei mittelfrühen Kartoffeln erwies sich eine ausreichende Wasserversorgung zwischen Blühende und deutlich einsetzender Krautabreife als besonders wichtig. Reichliche Wasserversorgung in dieser Zeit führte nach vorangegangener Trockenheit zu einer verl?ngerten Lebensdauer des Blattapparates und einem intensiven Knollenwachstum. Dadurch wurden etwa gleichhohe Ertr?ge, aber eine deutlich verbesserte Wasserausnutzung erzielt als bei reichlichem Wasserangebot bereits ab Knospenbildung/Knollenansatz. Besonders nachteilig auf den Ertrag und die Wasserausnutzung wirkte sich eine Trockenperiode ab Blühende nach vorangegangener reichlicher Wasserversorgung aus. Daraus wurden Empfehlungen für einen effizienteren Beregnungseinsatz abgeleitet.

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Summary There were increases in the yields of second early potatoes in response to increased levels of irrigation in field experiments with low to moderate and high soil water reserves (Fig. 1). Yield maxima in all experimental years were in the area of positive climatic water balance. Pot experiments with water supplied at different times established that a period of dryness between sprout formation/tuber set and flowering did not significantly affect yield, if an ample supply of water was provided at the end of this development stage (Table 2, variations 4 and 11). By contrast an insufficient water supply from flowering to 3 weeks later almost always resulted in a significant yield reduction (Table 2, variation 5). This yield loss was even more severe if inadequate watering was continued to haulm senescence (ca. 70% leaf mass dead). These results were confirmed in experiments with various water regimes applied to the completion of tuber and haulm development (Figs 2 and 3). Potato plants which were kept dry to flowering and then provided with ample water maintained a fully competent leaf function which resulted in very intensive tuber growth between flowering and the onset of senescence (Figs. 2 and 3 variation b). The initial check to yield was thus almost completely compensated by the later rapid increase in yield. It was particularly disadvantageous to haulm and tuber growth if there was a dry period after flowering where previously there had been ample watering (Fig. 2). Senescence was accelerated and there was an early loss of assimilative leaf mass. The results from pot experiments were confirmed in field experiments with different periods of irrigation. High yields together with very effective utilisation of the added water were achieved by irrigating from the end of flowering to the onset of haulm maturity. Compared to conventional irrigation about 30 mm of added water could be saved without yield loss by irrigating early main crop potatoes between sprout formation/tuber set and the start of haulm yellowing. On the other hand with early potatoes which have earlier harvesting time additional irrigation should be started during sprout formation/tuber initiation to ensure early and intensive haulm development and a high rate of tuber growth.

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Résumé Les variétés de pommes de terre mi-précoces en essais de plein champ réagissent par des augmentations de rendement importantes avec des compléments d'arrosage, tant sur un sol avec une capacité hydrique faible, que moyenne et élevée (fig. 1). Lors de chaque année d'essais, le rendement maximum a été obtenu par un bilan hydrique positif. Des essais en pots avec une alimentation en cau variable dans le temps ont montré qu'une période de sec entre la formation du bourgeon terminal et la fin de la floraison n'exer?ait pas une influence significative sur le rendement, s'il y a suffisamment d'eau à disposition des plantes après cette période (tabl. 2 variantes 4 et 11). En revanche, une alimentation insuffisante en eau à partir de la fin floraison et pendant les trois semaines suivantes avait très souvent pour conséquence une diminution significative du rendement (tabl. 2, variante 5). Cet effet négatif est encore accentué lorsque la période de déficit hydrique se prolonge jusqu'à la maturation des fanes (env. 70 % de la masse foliaire morte tabl. 2, variantes 7 et 9). Ces résultats reposent sur des examens effectués sur l'évolution des tubercules et des fanes par une alimentation hydrique variable (fig. 2 et 3). Les pommes de terre maintenues au sec jusqu'à fin floraison et ensuite suffisamment irriguées ont conservé très longtemps un bon appareil d'assimilation actif, et se caractérisent par une croissance intense des tubercules entre la fin floraison et le début de maturation (fig. 2 et 3, variante b). Par cet accroissement rapide, le retard enregistré en début de végétation a été pratiquement compensé. Un déticit hydrique apr`es la floraison se manifeste négativement sur le développement des fanes et tubercules, particulièrement si la période précédente était bien humide (fig. 2 et 3, variante C). L'effet négatif est provoqué par une activation de la sénescence et la chute prématurée des feuilles en état d'assimilation. Ces résultats d'essais en pots ont été confirmés par des essais en plein champ avec des intervalles d'irrigation variables. Des rendements élevés ont été obtenus avec en plus une bonne utilisation de l'eau complémentaire apportée par l'arrosage, entre la fin floraison et le début de maturation des fanes (fig. 4). Par rapport à une irrigation courante de pommes de terre mi-précoces à partir de la formation du bourgeon terminal (tubérisation) jusqu'au début de jaunissement des fanes, il a été possible d'économiser 30 mm d'eau en moyenne sur plusiers années, sans qu'il y ait une diminution de rendement. En revanche, pour les pommes de terre précoces avec une date de récolte avancée, il s'agit de commencer avec l'arrosage lors de l'initiation dés tubercules afin d'obtenir une croissance hative et intense des fanes pour assurer un bon accroissement des tubercules.

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Brominated Skeletal Components of the Marine Demosponges,Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta: Analytical and Biochemical Investigations     

Kurt Kunze  Hendrik Niemann  Susanne Ueberlein  Renate Schulze  Hermann Ehrlich  Eike Brunner  Peter Proksch  Karl-Heinz van Pée 《Marine drugs》2013,11(4):1271-1287

Demosponges possess a skeleton made of a composite material with various organic constituents and/or siliceous spicules. Chitin is an integral part of the skeleton of different sponges of the order Verongida. Moreover, sponges of the order Verongida, such as Aplysina cavernicola or Ianthella basta, are well-known for the biosynthesis of brominated tyrosine derivates, characteristic bioactive natural products. It has been unknown so far whether these compounds are exclusively present in the cellular matrix or whether they may also be incorporated into the chitin-based skeletons. In the present study, we therefore examined the skeletons of A. cavernicola and I. basta with respect to the presence of bromotyrosine metabolites. The chitin-based-skeletons isolated from these sponges indeed contain significant amounts of brominated compounds, which are not easily extractable from the skeletons by common solvents, such as MeOH, as shown by HPLC analyses in combination with NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements. Quantitative potentiometric analyses confirm that the skeleton-associated bromine mainly withstands the MeOH-based extraction. This observation suggests that the respective, but yet unidentified, brominated compounds are strongly bound to the sponge skeletons, possibly by covalent bonding. Moreover, gene fragments of halogenases suggested to be responsible for the incorporation of bromine into organic molecules could be amplified from DNA isolated from sponge samples enriched for sponge-associated bacteria.  相似文献   

A microsporidian pathogen of the predatory beetle Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae)     

Yaman M  Radek R  Weiser J  Aydin C 《Folia parasitologica》2010,57(3):233-236

A new Microsporidium sp. infects Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhall, a beetle which preys on the bark beetle Dendroctonus micans Kugellan in Turkey. Mature spores are single, uninucleate, oval in shape (3.75 +/- 0.27 microm in length by 2.47 +/- 0.13 microm in width), with a subapically fixed polar filament. The polar filament is anisofilar, coiled in 7-8 normal and 3-4 reduced coils. Other characteristic features of the microsporidium are the four/five nuclear divisions to form 16/32 (commonly 16) spores, subpersistent sporophorous vesicles (pansporoblasts) remaining till formation of the endospore, and the vesicles dissolved with free mature spores. The polaroplast is divided into three zones: an amorphous zone, dense layers, and a lamellartubular area extending to the central part of the spore.  相似文献   

Scanning electron microscopy and fungal culture of hoof horn from horses suffering from onychomycosis     

Veronika Apprich  Joachim Spergser  Renate Rosengarten  Christine Hinterhofer  Christian Stanek 《Veterinary dermatology》2010,21(4):335-340

Horn samples were taken from the hooves of eight horses with clinical signs of equine onychomycosis in at least one hoof capsule. None of the horses had a documented mycological history. The predominant alterations of the horn capsules were sand cracks, white line disease, brittleness (especially around the nail holes), parakeratosis and bruising. The horn samples were stored in sterile tubes for transportation and transferred onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and dermatophyte test agar for mycological examination within 6 h. Fungal cultures were incubated for 30 days at room temperature. Fungal identification was based on colonial morphology and microscopic examination of conidia. Horn samples were also stored at ?80°C until used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungal culture revealed that the hoof horn from all eight horses was infected with keratinophilic fungi. The keratinopathogenic fungi Trichophyton spp and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were also detected in six horses. SEM revealed severe alterations of the horn structure in horn samples infected with keratinopathogenic fungi compared to horn samples from a sound hoof. The most evident changes were deterioration of the tubular structure of the horn wall, disruption of the horny layers, superficial lysis of cornified cells and the presence of fungal elements. Samples without dermatophyte or Scopulariopsis infection, in contrast, were similar to healthy hoof horn.  相似文献   

Alternative hosts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">flaccumfaciens</Emphasis>, causal agent of bean bacterial wilt     

Ricardo M. Gonçalves  Carlos A. Schipanski  Lincom Koguishi  José M. Soman  Renate K. Sakate  Tadeu A. F. Silva Júnior  Antonio C. Maringoni 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(2):357-365

Alternative hosts are an important way of phytopathogenic bacteria survival between crop seasons, constituting a source of inoculum for the following crops. Bacterial wilt, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), is one of the most important diseases for common bean, and little information is available about the host range of the bacterium. In this study, we assessed possible alternative hosts for Cff, especially those cultivated during winter, in rotation systems with common bean. Plants of barley, black oat, canola, radish, ryegrass, wheat and white oat, were assessed under field and greenhouse conditions. Cff colonized epiphytically all plant species and endophytically black oat, ryegrass, wheat and white oat plants assessed in the greenhouse assays. Under field conditions, Cff colonized all plant species by except radish. All bacterial strains re-isolated from the plants were pathogenic to common bean and identified as Cff by PCR with specific primers. Based on our results, the cultivation of bean crop in succession with barley, black oat, canola, ryegrass, wheat and white oat should not be recommended, mainly in areas with a history of bacterial wilt occurrence. In these cases, the better option for crop rotation during the winter is radish, a non-alternative host for Cff.  相似文献