Isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) from farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland     

H. M. Rowley  C. E. Doherty  M. F. McLoughlin  M. D. Welsh 《Journal of fish diseases》1998,21(6):469-472

A toga-like virus was recently isolated in the present authors' laboratory from Atlantic salmon during an outbreak of PD in Ireland (Nelson, McLoughlin, Rowley, Platten & McCormick 1995). When inoculated into Atlantic salmon post-smolts, this virus, known as salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV), caused pathological changes in the pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle which were indistinguishable from those observed in natural outbreaks of PD (McLoughlin, Nelson, Rowley, Cox & Grant 1996). In 1996 a serological survey was carried out to determine the presence and distribution of antibodies to SPDV in Irish, Scottish and Norwegian farm-reared Atlantic salmon (McLoughlin, Rowley & Doherty 1998). The results of this survey indicated that SPDV is present in the major European salmon-producing countries. The present paper describes the first isolation of SPDV from farm-reared, PD-affected Atlantic salmon in Scotland.  相似文献   

Cultural characteristics of salmonid alphaviruses – influence of cell line and temperature     

D A Graham  C Wilson  H Jewhurst  H Rowley 《Journal of fish diseases》2008,31(11):859-868

Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the cultural characteristics of salmonid alphaviruses (SAV) from Atlantic salmon (AS, Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (RT, Oncorhynchus mykiss), particularly in relation to cell line and temperature. In an initial study, SAV was isolated from 12 viraemic sera and passaged in Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE‐214) cells at 15 °C. Geometric mean titres (GMT) after initial isolation were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) relative to those after two or four passages. Primary isolation of SAV was conducted from 12 viraemic sera (six AS and six RT) in seven different cell lines at 15 °C: CHSE‐214, rainbow trout gonad (RTG‐2), TO (derived from Atlantic salmon head kidney leucocytes), salmon head kidney (SHK‐1), blue fin‐2 (BF‐2), fat head minnow (FHM) and Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC). Overall, significant differences were found between cell lines in both the numbers of strains where growth was detected and in the GMT obtained. For both AS and RT strains, GMT values were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in both TO and BF‐2 cells relative to the others, including CHSE‐214 and RTG‐2, the cell lines conventionally used for SAV. The effects of temperature of incubation (4, 10, 15 and 20 °C) on growth in TO, CHSE‐214 and RTG‐2 were investigated. In TO and RTG‐2 growth was optimal at 15 °C, whereas in CHSE‐214 results at 10 and 15 °C were more similar. Little or no growth was detected at 4 or 20 °C.  相似文献   

First laboratory confirmation of salmonid alphavirus infection in Italy and Spain     

Graham DA  Rowley HM  Fringuelli E  Bovo G  Manfrin A  McLoughlin MF  Zarza C  Khalili M  Todd D 《Journal of fish diseases》2007,30(9):569-572

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Review of climate change impacts on marine aquaculture in the UK and Ireland     

Ruth Callaway  Andrew P. Shinn  Suzanne E. Grenfell  James E. Bron  Gavin Burnell  Elizabeth J. Cook  Margaret Crumlish  Sarah Culloty  Keith Davidson  Robert P. Ellis  Kevin J. Flynn  Clive Fox  Darren M. Green  Graeme C. Hays  Adam D. Hughes  Erin Johnston  Christopher D. Lowe  Ingrid Lupatsch  Shelagh Malham  Anouska F. Mendzil  Thom Nickell  Tom Pickerell  Andrew F. Rowley  Michele S. Stanley  Douglas R. Tocher  James F. Turnbull  Gemma Webb  Emma Wootton  Robin J. Shields 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2012,22(3):389-421

Cancer. Awakening immunity     

Schreiber H  Rowley DA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6005):761-762

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Neonatal tolerance induced by antibody against antigen-specific receptor   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

D S Strayer  H Cosenza  W M Lee  D A Rowley  H K?hler 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,186(4164):640-643

Specific immunologic unresponsiveness is induced by injecting adult or neonatal mice with antibody against antigen-specific receptor (antireceptor antibody). Suppression in mice treated as adults lasts several weeks, and cells from these suppressed mice respond normally in culture. In contrast, unresponsiveness induced in neonatal mice is long-lasting; cells from these mice do not respond in culture and do not affect the response of normal cells. Evidently, antireceptor antibody reversibly blocks antigen receptors in adult animals, but induces unresponsiveness in neonatal mice by depleting the clone of receptor-bearing cells.  相似文献   

Serological survey for sleeping disease in trout in Northern Ireland     

Graham D  Rowley H  Todd D  Jewhurst V  Parker K 《The Veterinary record》2002,151(6):187

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Detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)     

Jewhurst VA  Todd D  Rowley HM  Walker IW  Weston JH  McLoughlin MF  Graham DA 《Journal of fish diseases》2004,27(3):143-149

A simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (SAVs), salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) and sleeping disease virus (SDV), from serum samples is described. Using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells. After incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees C, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunoperoxidase (IPX) detection system, and virus-infected cells are observed microscopically by white light. Application of this screening test, which is now used routinely in our laboratory in conjunction with an IPX-based virus neutralization (IPX-VN) test for detecting antibodies to SAVs, has resulted in the recovery of 12 additional isolates from salmon sera and four additional isolates from trout sera. A low level of antigenic variation was detected when these SAV isolates were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence using a panel of mAbs raised to reference SPDV and SDV isolates.  相似文献   

A comparative study of marine salmonid alphavirus subtypes 1-6 using an experimental cohabitation challenge model     

Graham DA  Frost P  McLaughlin K  Rowley HM  Gabestad I  Gordon A  McLoughlin MF 《Journal of fish diseases》2011,34(4):273-286

A comparative challenge study of six marine isolates representing subtypes 1-6 of salmonid alphavirus (salmon pancreas disease virus, Genus Alphavirus, Family Togaviridae) was conducted in Atlantic salmon in a fresh water cohabitation trial. Histopathological lesions typical of pancreas disease were observed with all subtypes, and virus was re-isolated from serum of cohabitant fish in each case. Using a virus neutralization (VN) test neutralizing salmonid alphavirus (SAV) subtype 1 strain F93-125, VN antibodies were detected in all challenge groups, consistent with serological cross-reactivity between these subtypes. Using real-time RT-PCR, SAV RNA was detected in heart tissue from 2 to 3 weeks post-challenge (wpc) in all cohabitant groups excluding controls. The results obtained suggested differences in the dynamics of infection between strains of SAV and potentially between subtypes. Results for SAV subtypes 1 and 3 suggested essentially synchronous infection of cohabitant fish. These two study groups also had the highest virus load in heart tissue as measured by quantitative RT-PCR and also had the most extensive histopathological changes. In contrast, results for SAV subtypes 2 and 6 strains were consistent with asynchronous infection in the cohabitant fish and were characterized by slow spread, low virus loads and mild histopathological changes. The SAV subtype 4 and 5 strains occupied an intermediate position in this regard. Despite the use of concentration procedures, it was not possible to detect SAV RNA in water samples from selected study tanks. However, testing of faeces from the SAV subtypes 1, 3 and 6 challenge groups found positive signals in each beginning at 1-3 wpc and remaining detectable for a further 2-3 weeks. Parallel testing of mucus samples found these became positive at 2-3 wpc and remained positive for a further 1-3 weeks. These results demonstrate for the first time that shedding and transmission of virus may occur by both these routes and suggest that dispersal in these matrices should be included in any disease transmission models.  相似文献   

Clinical and histopathological features of naturally occurring pancreas disease in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.     

M F McLoughlin  R N Nelson  J I McCormick  H M Rowley  & D B Bryson 《Journal of fish diseases》2002,25(1):33-43

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