Importance of individual root traits to understand crop root system in agronomic and environmental contexts     

Ryosuke Tajima 《Breeding Science》2021,71(1):13

Resource acquisition, one of the major functions of roots, can contribute to crop growth and mitigating environmental impacts. The spatio-temporal distribution of roots in the soil in relation to the dynamics of the soil resources is critical in resource acquisition. Root distribution is determined by root system development. The root system consists of many individual roots of different types and ages. Each individual root has specific development, resource acquisition, and transport traits, which change with root growth. The integration of individual root traits in the root system could exhibit crop performance in the various environments via root distribution in the soil. However, the relationship between individual root traits and the pattern of root distribution is complicated. To understand this complicated relationship, we need to evaluate enormous numbers of individual root traits and understand the relationship between individual root development and root distribution as well as the integrated functions of individual root traits along with dynamics of resources in the soil.  相似文献   

Novel loss-of-function putative aminotransferase alleles cause biosynthesis of capsinoids, nonpungent capsaicinoid analogues, in mildly pungent chili peppers (Capsicum chinense)     

Tanaka Y  Hosokawa M  Miwa T  Watanabe T  Yazawa S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(22):11762-11767

Capsinoids are a group of nonpungent capsaicinoid analogues produced in Capsicum fruits. They have similar bioactivities to capsaicinoids such as suppression of fat accumulation and antioxidant activity. They are more palatable ingredients in dietary supplements than capsaicinoids because of their low pungency. Previous studies on nonpungent Capsicum annuum cultivars showed that capsinoid biosynthesis is caused by loss-of-function putative aminotransferase (p-amt) alleles. This study showed that three mildly pungent cultivars of Capsicum chinense (Zavory Hot, Aji Dulce strain 2, and Belize Sweet) contain high levels of capsinoid. It was shown that these cultivars have novel p-amt alleles, which contain mutations that differ from those of C. annuum. Sequence analysis of p-amt in Belize Sweet revealed that a 5 bp insertion (TGGGC) results in a frameshift mutation. A transposable element (Tcc) was found in the p-amt of Zavory Hot and Aji Dulce strain 2. Tcc has features similar to those of the hAT transposon family. This was inserted in the fifth intron of Zavory Hot and in third intron of Aji Dulce strain 2. The p-amt alleles harboring Tcc cannot produce an active p-AMT. These mildly pungent cultivars will provide a new natural source of capsinoids.  相似文献   

Reactivity with phosphate and phytotoxicity of hydroxyaluminosilicate ions synthesized by instantaneous mixing of aluminum chloride and sodium orthosilicate solutions     

Ryosuke NAKANISHI  Shin-Ichiro WADA 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2007,53(5):545-550

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Tree species-specific effects on soil microbial residues in an upper Michigan old-growth forest system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Liang  Chao; Fujinuma  Ryosuke; Wei  Liping; Balser  Teri C. 《Forestry》2007,80(1):65-72

Microbial contribution to carbon and nitrogen cycling in forestsoils is important, and may depend on tree species. The amountof amino sugars and their ratios can serve as reliable indicatorsfor bacterial and fungal contribution. We compare forest floormicrobial residues (amino sugars) beneath three canopy-treespecies (Sugar Maple (SM), Acer saccharum Marsh; Basswood (BA),Tilia americana L.; Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis L.) replicatedin five plots in an upper Michigan old-growth forest. We hypothesizedthat because individual tree species develop a unique microbialcommunity over time, they will accumulate microbial residuesto different degrees. In this study at three tree species sites,the absolute amount of fungal residue (glucosamine (GluN)) wasrelatively constant, while absolute quantities of bacterialresidues (galactosamine (GalN) and muramic acid (MurA)) wereleast in the Hemlock site. Amino sugar ratios revealed thatmicrobial residues were compositionally distinct in the threesites. The lower ratios of GluN to GalN and GluN to MurA inBA and SM sites relative to Hemlock site indicate the lowernet accumulations of GalN and MurA in Hemlock site. In termsof microbial contribution to carbon and nitrogen cycle in forestsoils, we suggest that caution may be needed when using aminosugars as a tool, especially for nitrogen pool assessment, asthe amino sugars are diluted by plant-derived litter. This studyprovides information on the microbial residues in undisturbedforest soils which may assist interpretation of data derivedfrom managed or damaged forests in the future.  相似文献   

Anti-tumor effect of adenoviral vector-mediated p53 gene transfer on the growth of canine osteosarcoma xenografts in nude mice     

Kanaya N  Yazawa M  Goto-Koshino Y  Mochizuki M  Nishimura R  Ohno K  Sasaki N  Tsujimoto H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(7):877-883

We evaluated the anti-tumor effect of adenoviral vector-mediated p53 gene therapy on the growth of canine osteosarcoma xenografts formed in nude mice. Nude mice were subcutaneously transplanted with cells of 2 P53 mutant canine osteosarcoma cell lines, POS and CHOS. The osteosarcoma xenografts were injected with either an adenoviral vector that expresses canine wild-type P53 (AxCA-cp53) or LacZ (AxCA-LacZ). Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the xenografts injected with AxCA-cp53 in comparison to those injected with AxCA-LacZ or PBS during the observation period of 27 days. An increase of the amount of p21(WAF1/CDKN1A) mRNA, and the number of apoptotic cells was shown in the tumors injected with AxCA-cp53 in comparison to those injected with AxCA-LacZ or PBS. The present study revealed that the adenoviral vector-mediated p53 gene transfer had an anti-tumor effect in canine osteosarcoma xenografts formed in nude mice.  相似文献   

Estimation of cadmium load on Japanese farmland associated with the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock excreta     

Shin-ichiro Mishima  Ryosuke Kimura  Tsunehisa Inoue 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):263-267

It is very important to use ¹⁵N labeled nitrogen gas (¹⁵N₂) in studies on biological nitrogen fixation. For example, ¹⁵N₂ is necessary for direct measurement of the amount of fixed nitrogen, and is useful for studies on the assimilation and transport of fixed nitrogen. However, ¹⁵N₂ is sometimes troublesome to deal with for the following reasons. Decline in the ¹⁵N content of ¹⁵N₂ gas may occur as a result of contamination with atmospheric N₂ during the storage period or application to nitrogen fixing organisms. Also, the ¹⁵N₂ gas provided commercially in a glass bottle or gas cylinder is technically and economically not convenient for experiments employing small amounts of ¹⁵N₂. Moreover, purification of ¹⁵N₂ gas is necessary for biological research, since contamination with the oxidized forms of nitrogen represses biological nitrogen fixation to a certain extent. A simple method for the preparation, purification and storage of ¹⁵N₂ gas for biological nitrogen fixation studies, was therefore devised.  相似文献   

Regional Variability of the Effects of Land Use Systems on Soil Properties     

WU Wen-bin YANG Peng TANG Hua-jun Ongaro Luca Shibasaki Ryosuke 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2007,6(11):1369-1375

In order to explore the regional variability of the effects of land use systems on soil properties, Shouyang County in Shanxi Province and Danling County in Sichuan Province of China were selected as the study areas. Field soil samples of the four land use systems （natural forest, forest plantation, shrubland, and cropland） were collected, respectively, from the two areas. The general statistical tools were used to analyze soil data. The results showed that the influence of land use systems on soil properties was significant. In general, soils in slightly human-disturbed land use systems presented a higher fertility level than those in strongly human-disturbed land use systems in both areas. Furthermore, the impacts of the same land use systems on soil properties showed a distinct regional variability, and even in the same land use system, different farming systems and site management measures （such as irrigation, fertilization, and pesticides） could also lead to the regional heterogeneity in soil properties. The regional variability of land use effects on soil properties reveals the regional variability of the effects of human activities on environmental changes, and could explain the complex relationship between humans and the natural environment in certain ways.  相似文献   

Membranous Glomerulonephropathy in a Hatano Low-avoidance Rat     

Kyohei Yasuno  Haruka Sakashita  Ryosuke Kobayashi  Saori Araki  Rio Saito  Mariko Shirota  Junichi Kamiie  Kinji Shitora 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2013,26(2):203-208

Membranous glomerulonephropathy can be experimentally induced in rats, but spontaneous cases have been rarely reported. In this report, we present a typical case of spontaneous membranous glomerulonephropathy in a rat. A male Hatano low-avoidance (LAA) strain rat had a tumor mass on the right auricle, and was sacrificed at 41 weeks of age. Urinary screening by reagent strips revealed intense proteinuria. Histological tests revealed frequent presence of irregularly sized eosinophilic hyaline materials on the capillary wall and in the mesangium of renal glomeruli. Immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 in the glomeruli. Subepithelial dense deposits were observed by electron microscopy accompanied by podocyte foot process effacement and occasional irregular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. The rat also developed chronic lymphocytic pancreatitis, and the tumor mass on the right auricle was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma. Screening tests for antibodies against major infectious agents and antinuclear antibody were negative. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analyses suggested the presence of an autoantibody against the pancreatic component. The glomerulopathy was considered an early stage of membranous glomerulonephropathy.  相似文献   

Analyzing soil-available phosphorus by the Mehlich-3 extraction method to recommend a phosphorus fertilizer application rate for maize production in northern Mozambique     

Hisashi Nasukawa  Ryosuke Tajima  Boaventura Isac Jonas Muacha  Maria Clarinda Filomena Pereira  Kazuhiro Naruo  Satoshi Nakamura 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):211-214

ABSTRACT