Rhizobacteria‐mediated resistance against the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)     

Arakere Chunchegowda Udaya Shankar  Siddaiah Chandra Nayaka  Sathyanarayana Niranjan‐Raj  Hanumanthaiah Bhuvanendra Kumar  Munagala S Reddy  Siddapura Ramachandrappa Niranjana  Harishchandra Sripathy Prakash 《Pest management science》2009,65(10):1059-1064

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effect of seven Bacillus‐species plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) seed treatments on the induction of disease resistance in cowpea against mosaic disease caused by the blackeye cowpea mosaic strain of bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). RESULTS: Initially, although all PGPR strains recorded significant enhancement of seed germination and seedling vigour, GBO3 and T4 strains were very promising. In general, all strains gave reduced BCMV incidence compared with the non‐bacterised control, both under screen‐house and under field conditions. Cowpea seeds treated with Bacillus pumilus (T4) and Bacillus subtilis (GBO3) strains offered protection of 42 and 41% against BCMV under screen‐house conditions. Under field conditions, strain GBO3 offered 34% protection against BCMV. The protection offered by PGPR strains against BCMV was evaluated by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with lowest immunoreactive values recorded in cowpea seeds treated with strains GBO3 and T4 in comparison with the non‐bacterised control. In addition, it was observed that strain combination worked better in inducing resistance than individual strains. Cowpea seeds treated with a combination of strains GBO3 + T4 registered the highest protection against BCMV. CONCLUSION: PGPR strains were effective in protecting cowpea plants against BCMV under both screen‐house and field conditions by inducing resistance against the virus. Thus, it is proposed that PGPR strains, particularly GBO3, could be potential inducers against BCMV and growth enhancers in cowpea. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Effects of Moisture Stress and Anti-transpirants on Leaf Chlorophyll,   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M. Prakash  K. Ramachandran 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2000,184(3):153-156

Brinjal plants ( Solanum melongena L.) grown under moisture stress conditions in a glasshouse were treated with three anti-transpirants, namely cycocel, limewash and potassium chloride, to study their influence on chlorophyll content, soluble protein and photosynthetic rate. Moisture stress imposed at each of the three growth stages decreased chlorophyll content, soluble protein and photosynthetic rate. Of the anti-transpirants investigated, cycocel performed better than limewash and po-tassium chloride.  相似文献   

Influence of gestation on blood plasma concentrations of oestrone and oestrone sulphate in Karan Swiss cows and Murrah buffaloes     

N N Hung  B S Prakash 《The British veterinary journal》1990,146(5):449-456

Single blood samples from 106 pregnant and seven non-pregnant Karan Swiss cows and 104 pregnant and nine non-pregnant Murrah buffaloes were measured for oestrone and oestrone sulphate hormones by radioimmunoassay. Mean plasma oestrone level was below detection limit (less than 2.5 pg/ml) in non-pregnant and 1 month pregnant cows and buffaloes. In cows the mean oestrone level fluctuated narrowly between 10.25 and 26.65 pg/ml between the second and eight months of pregnancy, followed by a steep rise in the ninth and especially in the tenth month (151.24 pg/ml). In buffaloes mean oestrone concentrations were lower and fluctuated between 14.81 and 23.56 pg/ml during the second to ninth months of pregnancy, rising sharply in the tenth month to a peak of 47.37 pg/ml. Mean oestrone sulphate levels were below detection limit (less than 16 pg/ml) during non-pregnancy, first and second months of pregnancy in cows, increasing sharply thereafter to a peak of 6401.38 pg/ml in the tenth month of pregnancy. In buffaloes, low mean levels of oestrone sulphate were recorded in the non-pregnant and up to the fourth month of pregnancy with the levels rising sharply thereafter to a peak of 6559.82 pg/ml in the tenth month. The hormone levels were not significantly different in the two species (P greater than 0.01). The possibility of using oestrone sulphate measurement as a test of pregnancy confirmation has been indicated for both species.  相似文献   

Development of a simple, direct, microtitre plate enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for progesterone determination in whole milk of buffaloes     

B S Prakash  M L Madan  S Jailkhani  S K Singla 《The British veterinary journal》1990,146(6):571-576

A method of estimating progesterone in buffalo whole milk by EIA using progesterone 6 beta-OH-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase as the enzyme label and an antiserum raised against progesterone-7 alpha-carboxyethyl-thioether-BSA was developed. The microtitration plates used in the assay were first coated with affinity purified sheep IgG developed against rabbit IgG. The immune reaction was performed by incubating a mixture of 1 microliter of whole milk (diluted to 20 microliters with assay buffer), 100 microliters of enzyme label and 100 microliters of antiserum for 90 min in the dark. After washing the plates, 150 microliters of the substrate solution was added. The mixture was incubated in the dark for 40 min before the reaction was stopped and the optical density was measured at 450 nm. The calibration curve was sensitive in the range 0.8-40 pg/well, corresponding to 0.8-40 ng/ml. Milk samples from cycling buffaloes were tested for progesterone concentration by running parallel EIA and RIA. A good correlation of 0.91 was obtained and the estimated values were similar using both techniques. The method has demonstrated about 10 times greater sensitivity than RIA in buffalo milk.  相似文献   

Ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of chickens commonly reared under backyard poultry farming in Mizoram,India     

Probal Jyoti Doley  Kabita Sarma  Pranab Chandra Kalita  Ranjana Goswami  Arup Kalita  Rupan Sarkar  Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda  Parimal Roychoudhary  Om Prakash Choudhary 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2023,52(2):223-233

The present study was undertaken to characterize the ultrastructural morphology of the blood cells of commonly reared chickens in the state of Mizoram, India under backyard poultry farming. For this study, 2 ml of whole blood was aseptically collected from the wings veins of 12 chickens of three different breeds namely the Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red and processed for ultrastructural imaging under standard protocols. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the matured erythrocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared elliptical in shape while the leukocytes and thrombocytes appeared round in shape with variable surface modifications. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the granules of the heterophils of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red appeared predominantly fusiform in shape, the granules of the eosinophils appeared round in shape and that of the basophils appeared pleomorphic in shape. The cytoplasm of the monocytes, medium-to-large lymphocytes and thrombocytes of Zoar, Aseel and Rhode Island Red under TEM appeared to be vacuolated and granular while that of the small lymphocytes appeared to be granular but non-vacuolated. The study concluded that the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells of the three breeds of chicken studied were almost similar to the blood cells of other birds reported earlier.  相似文献   

Micropropagation of red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus L.) using mature nodal explants     

Ekambaranellore Prakash  Patan Shaik Sha Valli Khan  Thoguru Jonh Vivek Sreenivasa Rao  Elu Singh Meru 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(5):329-335

In vitro clonal multiplication of Pterocarpus santalinus L. was achieved using mature nodal explants of a 10-year-old elite quality tree. Combinations of serial transfer technique and incorporation of antioxidants (250 mg/l L-ascorbic acid and 50 mg/l citric acid) into the culture medium helped to minimize medium browning and improve explant survival during shoot sprouting. About 70% of explants were sprouted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium containing 4.4 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). The explant harvest period also influenced the bud break and shoot sprouting in nodal explants. The combination of 4.4 μM BA and 2.2 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) was found to be the most suitable growth regulator for obtaining the highest percentage of nodal segment sprouting (74%–75%), the number of secondary shoots per primary shoot (two or three), the shoot length (5–6 cm), the number of new nodal segments generated per active explant (four or five), and the multiplication coefficient (3.5) within 6 weeks. Repeated subculturing of nodal explants obtained from shoot cultures enabled continuous production of healthy axillary shoots. At the end of the sixth passage, about 90% of nodal explants produced five or six healthy green shoots, each being about 6.6 cm long with six or seven nodes. Multiplication coefficient was also increased from the first subculture (5.4) to the sixth subculture (8.3). The best rooting response was achieved on solidified half-strength MS medium supplemented with 4.9 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). About 70% of the micropropagated plantlets were established successfully in 20-cm pots containing a mixture of soil and farmyard manure (4 : 1 ratio) and formed new leaflets.  相似文献   

Purification and characterization of a new endoglucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus     

Naika GS  Kaul P  Prakash V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(18):7566-7572

Endoglucanase has been isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus. The purified enzyme showed a single band and had a molecular weight of 45,000 Da as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a specific activity of 1.4 units/mg. The purified enzyme was identified as endoglucanase, showing a high specific activity toward CM-cellulose and low specific activity toward Avicel. The activity of the isolated enzyme was optimum at a pH of 5.0 and temperature of 40 degrees C, respectively. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.3. T(m) was found to be 57 degrees C. The treatment of the endoglucanase with diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in the modification of the histidine residues present in the enzyme, with a concomitant loss of 70% of the original enzymatic activity. However, carbodiimide completely inactivated the endoglucanase. The results show that the enzyme is able to sustain 50% of its activity even when heated at 90 degrees C for a period of 5 h. Endoglucanase can be used in the controlled hydrolysis of cellulose and other cellulose-rich foods. It can be used in the development of targeted functional foods from agrimaterials for value addition in the food chain.  相似文献   

Anthropogenic disturbances and status of forest and wildlife in the dry deciduous forests of Chhattisgarh state in India     

Chandra Prakash Kala  Yogesh Dubey 《林业研究》2012,23(1):45-52

The advent of modern forces and the changes in socioeconomic patterns of forest dwellers have increased the pressures on the forests. In order to mitigate such pressures and also to protect the forests and wildlife the model of protected areas networks has shifted and enhanced such pressures in the unprotected natural forests due to several reasons. Being a low profile category of protected status and continuous human settlements, the present study highlights the case of dry deciduous forests of Sarguja district of Chhattisgarh state of India. The major objectives of this study were to quantify the status of forests and wildlife and also to determine the extent of anthropogenic disturbances faced by the dry deciduous forests of central India. Transect and silent drive count methods were used for sampling wildlife and quadrat method was used for sampling vegetation. Besides, the local uses of various forest produces were also studied in view of understanding the people dependency on forests. The forest vegetation, in the study area, was pre-dominated by Shorea robusta, which had Madhuca indica, Diospyrus melanoxylon and Buchnania lanzan as the major companion species. The forest had either the high girth class mature tree species or the saplings. The low vegetation cover and density were due to the high anthropogenic pressures mainly in the form of heavy livestock grazing and collection of ethnobotanically important species. The study though reveals that the area is not rich in wildlife and the forest is fragmented, the area still supports some important species, which include many rare and endangered plants and animals. The findings of this study have been discussed in view of the management and conservation of the forest and wildlife in the dry deciduous forests.  相似文献   

Financial feasibility of increasing carbon sequestration in harvested wood products in Mississippi     

Prakash Nepal  Robert K. GralaDonald L. Grebner 《Forest Policy and Economics》2012,14(1):99-106

Longer forest rotation ages can potentially increase accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products due to a larger proportion of sawlogs that can be used for manufacturing durable wood products such as lumber and plywood. This study quantified amounts of carbon accumulated in wood products harvested from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands grown in Mississippi by extending rotation ages traditionally used to manage these stands for timber. The financial viability of this approach was examined based on carbon payments received by landowners for sequestering carbon in standing trees and harvested wood products. Results indicated a potential to increase carbon accumulated in wood products by 16.11 metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) per hectare (ha) for a rotation increase of 5 years and 67.07 tCO₂e/ha for a rotation increase of 65 years. Carbon prices of $50/tCO₂e and $110/tCO₂e would be required to provide a sufficient incentive to forest landowners to extend rotations by 5 and 10 years, respectively. With 2.8 million ha of loblolly pine stands in Mississippi, this translates to a possible increase in wood products carbon of 45 million tCO₂e and 80 million tCO₂e for harvest ages increased by 5 and 10 years, respectively. Higher carbon prices lengthened rotation ages modestly due to low present values of carbon accumulated with long rotations.  相似文献   

Farm-scale zoning of extreme temperatures in Southern Mallee,Victoria, Australia     

Prakash N. Dixit  Deli Chen 《Biosystems Engineering》2010,105(2):198-204

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