Genetic variation in minerals,crude protein and structural carbohydrates of foliage in provenances of young plants ofProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce in India     

S. Arya  R. P. Bisht  R. Tomar  O. P. Toky  P. J. C. Harris 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,29(1):1-7

Prosopis cineraria is an important species for aridzone agroforestry in India. Information on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaves of young trees that will be useful in screening the provenances, is lacking. Chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) of the foliage of one-year-old plants of 31 provenances ofProsopis cineraria were determined. The seeds were collected from 16°50 N to 29°55 N latitude and 69°49 E to 78°03 E longitude in India, and grown at Hisar (29°10 N latitude, 75°46 E longitude and 215 m altitude). Mineral contents (except N and P), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates varied significantly (p<0.05) between provenances, and the greatest amount of N, P, crude protein, NDF, ADF and lignin contents were found in Hisar provenance. The in vitro dry matter digestibility varied from 18.2% in Gandhinagar provenance to 34.0% in that of Barmer provenance.  相似文献   

Der Einfluß verschiedener Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel auf Eiparasiten der GattungTrichogramma (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae)     

W. Stein 《Journal of pest science》1961,34(6):87-89

Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß verschiedener Insektizide und Fungizide auf Schlupfwespen der GattungTrichogramma zu prüfen, wurde deren Parasitierungsleistung bei Dauerkontakt mit dem betreffenden Mittel untersucht. Mit unbehandelten Apfelzweigen wurden solche verglichen, die mit den Fungiziden Dithane, Orthozid 50 und Ferbam F 40 bzw. den Insektiziden Ryania, Basudin R, Dipterex, Thiodan oder Metasystox gespritzt waren. Das Alter der Rückstände betrug 0, 24 bzw. 72 Stunden.Alle drei genannten Fungizide reduzierten die Parasitierung in den verschiedenen Varianten erheblich.Das spezifisch gegen Tortriziden wirkende Ryania zeigte praktisch keine toxische Wirkung. Die Anzahl der parasitierten Eier lag entweder gleich hoch wie bei den unbehandelten Kontrollen oder in einem Fall sogar erheblich höher.Die übrigen 4 Insektizide töteten die Schlupfwespen in kurzer Zeit ab, so daß in keinem Fall eine Parasitierung erzielt werden konnte.Noch nicht abgeschlossene Lebensdauerversuche bestätigen die erzielten Ergebnisse.Die Möglichkeiten und Probleme einer gemeinsamen Anwendung vonTrichogramma und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln im Obstbau werden diskutiert.

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Summary To examine the influence of various insecticides and fungicides upon egg-parasites of the genusTrichogramma, their efficiency of parasitization at permanent contact with the concerning pesticide was checked. With untreated applebranches were compared those ones, which were treated with the fungicides Dithane, Orthozid 50 or Ferbam F 40 and the insecticides Ryania, Basudin R, Dipterex, Thiodan or Metasystox resp.All three fungicides reduced the parasitization in the different variations considerably.Ryania, which shows a specific effect against tortricides, had no toxical influence on,Trichogramma.The other four insecticides killed the parasites within a short time, so that in no case a parasitization could be achieved.Investigations concerning the duration of life confirmed the result of the parasitization investigations.The possibilities and problems of a combined application ofTrichogramma and pesticides in apple orchards are discussed.

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Dem Leiter des Instiltutes für Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung, Herrn ORR. Dr. J. Franz bin ich für wertvolle Hinweise und jederzeitige Hilfe dankbar. — Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.  相似文献   

The biochemical control of the cell cycle by growth regulators in higher plants     

TANGWei LatoyaHarris RonaldJ.Newton 《林业研究》2004,15(3):227-232

The cell cycle is an important research field in cell biology and it is genetically and developmentally regulated in animals and plants. The aim of this study was to review knowledge about the biochemical regulation of the cell cycle by plant growth regulators through molecular checkpoints that regulate the transition from G0-G1-S-phase and G2-M in higher plants.Recent research has shown that zeatin treatment led to the up-regulation of CycD3 in Arabidopsis. Benzyladenine treatment can also shorten the duration of S-phase through recruitment of latent origins of DNA replication. Kinetin is involved in the phosphoregulation of the G2-M checkpoint; the major cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) at this checkpoint has recently shown to be dephosphorylated as a result of cytokinin treatment, an effect that can also be mimicked by the fission yeast Cdc25 phosphatase. Gibberellic acid (GA) treatment induces internode elongation in deepwater rice, this response is mediated by a GA-induced up-regulation of a cyclin-Cdk at the G2-M checkpoint. Recent evidence has also linked abscisic acid to a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. A new D-type cyclin, recently discovered in Arabidopsis may have a key role in this process. A brief review on plant growth regulator-cell cycle interfacing during development and a cytokinin-induced continuum of cell cycle activation through the up-regulation of a plant D-type cyclin at the G1 checkpoint and the phosphoregulation of the Cdk at the G2/M checkpoint had been concluded. This review could be valuable to research on cell and developmental biology in plants.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung von Vorratsschädlingen an Früchten einheimischer Bäume und Sträucher     

Prof. Dr. W. Stein 《Journal of pest science》1990,63(3):41-46

Zusammenfassung In Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen wurde die Eignung von sechs auch im Winter im Freien vorkommenden Wildfrüchten als Entwicklungs- und Fraßmedium für zehn Vorratsschädlinge getestet.Unbeschädigte Früchte von Stieleiche (Quercus robur), Roteiche (Qu. borealis), Roßkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum) und Buche (Fagus sylvatica) konnten von keiner der geprüften Käfer- und Mottenarten befallen werden.An oder in beschädigten oder geschälten Früchten von Stieleiche und Buche konnten sich jeweils sieben Vorratsschädlinge entwickeln. Am wenigsten waren Hagebutte und Roteichel als Entwicklungsmedium geeignet.Die Schlüpfrate lag fast immer unter der in der Kontrolle. Nur beiSitophilus granarius schlüpften aus Stieleicheln mehr Imagines als aus Kontrollweizen.Das breiteste Nahrungsspektrum hatten im VersuchOryzaephilus surinamensis, Stegobium paniceum, Ephestia kuehniella undPlodia interpunctella mit je 5 der 6 getesteten Wildfrüchte.Die Buchecker bot allgemein die beste Entwicklungsmöglichkeit. Nur die Arten mit Innenbefall (Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae undSitotroga cerealella) konnten an ihr keine neue Generation aufbauen.Der Einfluß auf die Entwicklungsdauer war je nach Wildfrucht und Schädling sehr unterschiedlich. Am wenigsten wich sie beiEphestia kuehniella von der normalen Dauer (an einem Gemisch aus Haferflocken, Weizenkleie und Glyzerin) ab.Da Vorratsschädlinge relativ häufig im Freiland gefunden werden können, vor allem in der Nähe von Silos und anderen Vorratslagern, ist nicht auszuschließen, daß Wildfrüchte ihnen eine zeitweise Überlebensmöglichkeit bieten und so, wenn auch sicher relativ selten, als Infestationsquelle dienen können.

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Investigations about the development of stored products insects at fruits of indigenous trees and shrubs

In laboratory experiments the suitability of six fruits of indigenous trees and shrubs, which are also available in the field during wintertime, was tested as food and development medium for ten stored products insects.Undamaged fruits of oaks (Quercus robur andQu. borealis), horse chestnuts (Aesculus bippocastanum) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) could not be attacked by any of the tested beetles and moths.Damaged or peeled fruits ofQu. robur andF. sylvatica, however, served as development medium for seven pests. The least fitted substrates were hipberries (Rosa canina) and acorns ofQu. borealis.The number of adults emerging from the wild fruits was normally lower than that from control mediums. An exception was found inSitophilus granarius developing in acorns ofQu. robur. Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Stegobium paniceum, Ephestia kuehniella andPlodia interpunctella had the broadest food spectrum with five fruits each.The beechnut offered the best possibilities for development. Only those insects living inside of seeds (Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae andSitotroga cerealella) were not able to form a new generation in this fruit.The influence upon the length of the development period was different according to fruit and pest species. The slightest difference, compared with a normal medium (rolled oat, wheat bran and glycerine) was found in the mediterraneum flour moth (E. kuehniella).As stored products insects can be found relatively often in outdoor biotopes, especially in the surrounding of silos or stores, it can not be excluded that fruits of wild plants may offer—at least for a certain period—a possibility for survival. Thus they may act from time to time as a source of infestation.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle

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Herrn Prof. Dr.J.M. Franz zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

植物生物技术:苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究和它对未来树木遗传工程的影响     

唐巍  LatoyaHarris  RonaldJ.Newton 《林业研究》2004,15(1):1-10,J001

许多不同的技术可以促进农业生产力的持续增长，生物技术是其中最重要和最有前途的方法。因为生物技术不仅可以增加生产力。而且在环境和自然资源的保护中起重要作用，应用生物技术可以生产高产、优质、高抗性和无病植物，同时也可以提高育种效率和促进食品的工业化生产。苏云金杆菌抗虫基因是目前生物技术领域中应用最广泛的例子之一。由此而产生的抗虫植物正在广泛应用于世界各地的商业化生产。本文综述了苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究进展和它在未来林木遗传工程中的应用。表4参68。  相似文献   

Estimates of stem wood increments in forest resources: comparison of different approaches in forest inventory: consequences for international reporting: case studyof European forests     

Andrius Kuliešis  Stein M. Tomter  Claude Vidal  Adrian Lanz 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(4):857-869

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Tree planting for poverty reduction in less-favoured areas of the Ethiopian highlands   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stein Holden  Samuel Benin  Bekele Shiferaw  John Pender 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(1):63-80

This paper assesses the potential impact of planting of eucalypt trees as a strategy to reduce poverty in a less-favoured area of the highlands of Ethiopia. Results from simulations with a bio-economic model for a less-favoured case study area in the highlands are combined with survey data at community, household and plot level to assess how general the results of the bio-economic model are. Application of the bio-economic model shows clearly that land degradation, population growth, stagnant technology and drought threaten food security. Household welfare and land quality are deteriorating rapidly in the area and interventions are urgently needed to avoid human disaster. Planting of eucalypts on land unsuitable for crop production may substantially increase household incomes if market outlets for trees can be found. Tree planting will not have severe negative effects on food production or land conservation. A policy combining promotion of tree planting and conservation of cropland may achieve win-win benefits in terms of increased household incomes as well as more sustainable land-use. Analysis of survey data from the Amhara Region of Ethiopia reveals that there is a large area of land that is unsuitable for crop production located close to all-weather roads in the less-favoured areas of the region. Few trees have been planted on this type of land up to now. The past policy seems to have discouraged tree planting except on homestead plots that are more suitable for food crops. This paper reports part of the IFPRI/ILRI project ‘Policies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands’. These two agencies have provided funds and logistical support for the work. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has provided funds for this research in the Amhara Region in Ethiopia. The authors also draw on earlier work funded by Research Council of Norway. Any correspondence should be directed to the first author.  相似文献   

Horses,saddles and riders: Applying the science          下载免费PDF全文

H. M. Clayton  S. Dyson  P. Harris  A. Bondi 《Equine Veterinary Education》2015,27(9):447-452

An enthusiastic crowd of 400 people gathered at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, UK on 29 November 2014 for the second International Saddle Research Trust Conference on the theme of Horses, Saddles and Riders: Applying the Science. The conference was organised under the auspices of the Saddle Research Trust (SRT) which is a charitable organisation based in the UK established with the intention of stimulating and supporting research into the influence of saddles on the welfare, performance and safety of horses and riders using objective scientific methods. The SRT aims to provide a coordinated, focused approach to research in these areas, to facilitate publication of the findings in scientific journals and dissemination of the results to the equestrian world. This approach allows the SRT to act as a link between research, education and the industry. The trust supports research into all aspects of the interaction between the horse, saddle and rider. Areas of specific recent interest include studying welfare, performance and safety issues related to the use of a saddle, the role of the saddle in equine and human back problems, characterising behavioural issues of horses associated with saddle‐related discomfort, assessing the effects of saddle design on rider performance and health and designing saddles for disabled riders. Further information about the SRT is available on the website www.saddleresearchtrust.com . Sponsors of the conference were World Horse Welfare, a practical and forward‐thinking charity that believes in using scientific evidence to help guide its work, Amerigo saddlers, a company that advocates research as a basis for improving product design, the British Equestrian Federation (BEF) and Horse and Hound.  相似文献   

体重决定猪回肠内的蛋白吸收率     

J. A. Almei  Hans. H. Stein  Carsten Pedersen 《猪业科学》2015,(11):28-28

<正>近期伊利诺伊大学的J.A.Almeida博士、 Hans H.Stein博士以及Carsten Pedersen博士联手展开体重对于标准化回肠蛋白质和氨基酸吸收率的影响试验,结论证明,20 kg以下的仔猪回肠对于粗蛋白和氨基酸的吸收率比20~50 kg的育成猪和50~110 kg的育肥猪低。而且同一猪群的不同猪只也表现出吸收率的差异性。例如,在测定的300只仔猪中粗蛋白和氨基酸的吸收率  相似文献   

Mechanism of deactivation of triplet-excited riboflavin by ascorbate, carotenoids, and tocopherols in homogeneous and heterogeneous aqueous food model systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cardoso DR  Olsen K  Skibsted LH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(15):6285-6291

Tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) and Trolox were found to deactivate triplet-excited riboflavin in homogeneous aqueous solution (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water) with second-order reaction rates close to diffusion control [k2 between 4.8 x 10(8) (delta-tocopherol) and 6.2 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) (Trolox) at 24.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C] as determined by laser flash photolysis transient absorption spectroscopy. In aqueous buffer (pH 6.4) the rate constant for Trolox was 2.6 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s1 and comparable to the rate constant found for ascorbate (2.0 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)). The deactivation rate constant was found to be inferior in heterogeneous systems as shown for alpha-tocopherol and Trolox in aqueous Tween-20 emulsion (approximately by a factor of 4 compared to 7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water). Neither beta-carotene (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water and Tween-20 emulsion), lycopene (7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water), nor crocin (aqueous buffer at pH 6.4, 7:3 v/v tert-butanol/water, and Tween-20 emulsion) showed any quenching on the triplet excited state of riboflavin. Therefore, all carotenoids seem to reduce the formation of triplet-excited riboflavin through an inner-filter effect. Activation parameters were based on the temperature dependence of the triplet-excited deactivation between 15 and 35 degrees C, and the isokinetic behavior, which was found to include purine derivatives previously studied, confirms a common deactivation mechanism with a bimolecular diffusion-controlled encounter with electron (or hydrogen atom) transfer as rate-determining step. DeltaH for deactivation by ascorbic acid, Trolox, and homologue tocopherols (ranging from 18 kJ mol(-1) for Trolox in Tween-20 emulsion to 184 kJ mol(-1) for ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer at pH 6.4) showed a linear dependence on DeltaS (ranging from -19 J mol(-1) K(-1) for Trolox in aqueous buffer at pH 6.4 to +550 J mol(-1) K(-1) for ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer pH 6.4). Among photooxidation products from the chemical quenching, lumicrome, alpha-tocopherol quinones and epoxyquinones, and alpha-tocopherol dimers were identified by ESI-QqTOF-MS.  相似文献