Sustainability of fishers’ communities in tropical island fisheries from the perspectives of resource use and management: a comparative study of Pohnpei (Micronesia), Mafia (Tanzania), and Guimaras (Philippines)     

Esther Japhet Mulyila  Tatsuro Matsuoka  Kazuhiko Anraku 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(4):947-964

The fisheries structure, fishing gear, fishing vessels and their ownership, landing sites and markets, as well as fisheries management and fishers’ participation were surveyed in three tropical islands: Pohnpei (Micronesia), Mafia (Tanzania), and Guimaras (Philippines), covering 127 fishers. Labour-intensive gear, including purse seines and ring nets, characterised Mafia fisheries. Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) boats characterised Pohnpei fisheries, and canoes with nonmarine engines were characteristic of Guimaras fisheries. Wooden plank boats with large crews were only seen in Mafia. From a gear/vessel ownership perspective, the fisher categories present were gear fishers, gear-vessel fishers, employers, and casual labour fishers. Casual labour fishers and employers were only apparent in Mafia. The fisheries in Pohnpei had a relatively early age of entry, which was attributed to the urban markets available and family cohesion, while community organisation-based management of these fisheries was weak. Mafia and rural Guimaras fishers depended on middlemen, due to the distance of the market. Deteriorating subsistence-related fishery dependency means that the Guimaras fishers’ community is at risk. The high shared gear/vessel ownership rates and levels of affiliation to community organisations in Mafia reflect government’s timely community sustainability enhancement initiative. Based on our analyses, we propose the “fishers’ community sustainability” concept. The sustainability of a fisher’s community can be judged on (1) the age of entry to the fisheries, (2) the monetary profits made at fish markets and through marketing, (3) the cohesion among the fishers, and (4) the level of subsistence-related dependency on the fishery. The fishery is key to community sustainability, thus ensuring fishery-dependent life. It is essential to consider the above indicators of fishers’ community sustainability during fisheries development.  相似文献   

Phenolic constituents ofTaxus cuspidata I: lignans from the roots     

Fumio Kawamura  Yoshinari Kikuchi  Tatsuro Ohira  Mitsuyoshi Yastagai 《Journal of Wood Science》2000,46(2):167-171

The phenolic constituents of the roots ofTaxus cuspidata (Japanese yew) were investigated. Four lignans, [(+)-taxiresinol (1), (+)-lariciresinol (2), (–)-secoisolariciresinol (3), and (+)-pinoresinol (4)] were isolated and identified. The assignment of proton and carbon atoms for the lignans were finally solved by one- and twodimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The enantiomeric excess of these lignans were determined by chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographic analyses. (+)-Lariciresinol and (–)-secoisolariciresinol were optically pure; (+)-taxiresinol was also suggested to be optically pure, although (+)-pinoresinol was not (77% enantiomeric excess).  相似文献   

Rapid genotyping with DNA micro-arrays for high-density linkage mapping and QTL mapping in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)     

Shiori Yabe  Takashi Hara  Mariko Ueno  Hiroyuki Enoki  Tatsuro Kimura  Satoru Nishimura  Yasuo Yasui  Ryo Ohsawa  Hiroyoshi Iwata 《Breeding Science》2014,64(4):291-299

For genetic studies and genomics-assisted breeding, particularly of minor crops, a genotyping system that does not require a priori genomic information is preferable. Here, we demonstrated the potential of a novel array-based genotyping system for the rapid construction of high-density linkage map and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. By using the system, we successfully constructed an accurate, high-density linkage map for common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench); the map was composed of 756 loci and included 8,884 markers. The number of linkage groups converged to eight, which is the basic number of chromosomes in common buckwheat. The sizes of the linkage groups of the P1 and P2 maps were 773.8 and 800.4 cM, respectively. The average interval between adjacent loci was 2.13 cM. The linkage map constructed here will be useful for the analysis of other common buckwheat populations. We also performed QTL mapping for main stem length and detected four QTL. It took 37 days to process 178 samples from DNA extraction to genotyping, indicating the system enables genotyping of genome-wide markers for a few hundred buckwheat plants before the plants mature. The novel system will be useful for genomics-assisted breeding in minor crops without a priori genomic information.  相似文献   

A methodology for heterosis breeding of common buckwheat involving the use of the self-compatibility gene derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum homotropicum</Emphasis>     

Yuji Mukasa  Tatsuro Suzuki  Yutaka Honda 《Euphytica》2010,172(2):207-214

We propose an alternative breeding methodology for common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), involving the use of the self-compatibility (S ^h ) gene derived from F. homotropicum Ohnishi. This methodology involves inbred development of homostyle (S ^h S ^h ) and pin (ss) lines by using the self-compatibility gene (S ^h ). Further, single-cross hybrid seeds are produced using these inbred homostyle and pin lines as pollen and seed parents, respectively. This strategy successfully produced self-compatible homostyle hybrids (S ^h s); the percentage of hybrid plants among the progeny was more than 90%. In a greenhouse trial, the heterosis (best parent) in top dry weight, including stem and leaves, was 29.1–48.1% during the early growth stage. The seed yield of the progeny obtained in single-cross experiments was superior to that of an open-pollinated standard variety “Kitawasesoba” by 10% on average. These results suggest that heterosis breeding can be used to increase seed yield in common buckwheat.  相似文献   

A time-course study of flavonoids in the sprouts of tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) buckwheats     

Sun-Ju Kim  I.S.M. Zaidul  Tomoo Maeda  Tatsuro Suzuki  Naoto Hashimoto  Shigenobu Takigawa  Takahiro Noda  Chie Matsuura-Endo  Hiroaki Yamauchi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

The evolution, from 1 to 10 days after germination, of flavonoid content in sprouts of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), grown in a greenhouse under low light conditions (16 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), was investigated. Chlorogenic acid and flavonoids including C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin), rutin and quercetin were separated from the sprouts by HPLC and quantified with their commercial standards. Rutin content in the edible portion of the sprouts (mean 20 and 37 mg g⁻¹ DW in ‘Hokkai T 8’ and ‘Hokkai T 10’, respectively) was 3- to 31-fold greater than that in the roots or pericarp. The free radical scavenging activity of seed sprouts was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. From 6 to 10 days after sowing, the free radical scavenging activity in the edible portions rose significantly from 1.52 to 2.33 μmol Trolox equiv. g⁻¹ DW in ‘Hokkai T 8’ and from 1.46 to 2.09 μmol Trolox equiv. g⁻¹ DW in ‘Hokkai T 10’, but differences between ‘Hokkai T 8’ and ‘Hokkai T 10’ were not significant. As the results, the sprouts of tartary buckwheat, particularly those of ‘Hokkai T 10’ are strongly recommended as new high rutin food.  相似文献   

Intrathoracic Ectopic Liver in a Cow     

Tatsuro HIFUMI  Hiroaki KAWAGUCHI  Manabu YAMADA  Noriaki MIYOSHI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(5):711-713

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Exposure of taste buds to potassium permanganate and formalin suppresses the gustatory neural response in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus)     

Syed Yahiya Yacoob  Kazuhiko Anraku  Miguel Vazquez Archdale  Tatsuro Matsuoka  & Sadao Kiyohara 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(6):445-453

Abstract The effects of exposing the taste receptors to two common aquaculture therapeutants, potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and formalin, on the gustatory responses in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) were studied using an electrophysiological approach. Electrical responses to the stimuli before and after perfusing the receptors with the toxicants were compared. Responses to 1.0 mM l ‐methionine (l ‐met) were significantly reduced when the receptors were perfused with 2.0 mg L^?1 KMnO₄ or 200.0 mg L^?1 formalin. KMnO₄ suppressed the responses to 56%, whereas formalin reduced them to 83%. Both toxicants reduced the responses to l ‐arginine to a similar extent to that of l ‐met, indicating that the action of the toxicants is not specific for the receptor sites for amino acids. On the other hand, the toxicants suppressed the responses to quinine significantly more than those to amino acids, which indicates that the transduction pathways for bitter substances are much more sensitive. The suppressions were reversible, suggesting that these toxicants do not cause any permanent damage to the physiological features of the taste receptors, but only interfere with their normal functioning. The possible mechanisms of suppression and their consequences on the feeding process are discussed.  相似文献   

Structure and molecular mechanism of a nucleobase-cation-symport-1 family transporter     

Weyand S  Shimamura T  Yajima S  Suzuki S  Mirza O  Krusong K  Carpenter EP  Rutherford NG  Hadden JM  O'Reilly J  Ma P  Saidijam M  Patching SG  Hope RJ  Norbertczak HT  Roach PC  Iwata S  Henderson PJ  Cameron AD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5902):709-713

The nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporters are essential components of salvage pathways for nucleobases and related metabolites. Here, we report the 2.85-angstrom resolution structure of the NCS1 benzyl-hydantoin transporter, Mhp1, from Microbacterium liquefaciens. Mhp1 contains 12 transmembrane helices, 10 of which are arranged in two inverted repeats of five helices. The structures of the outward-facing open and substrate-bound occluded conformations were solved, showing how the outward-facing cavity closes upon binding of substrate. Comparisons with the leucine transporter LeuT(Aa) and the galactose transporter vSGLT reveal that the outward- and inward-facing cavities are symmetrically arranged on opposite sides of the membrane. The reciprocal opening and closing of these cavities is synchronized by the inverted repeat helices 3 and 8, providing the structural basis of the alternating access model for membrane transport.  相似文献   

Fine-root dynamics in a young hinoki cypress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis>) stand for 3 years following thinning     

Kyotaro Noguchi  Qingmin Han  Masatake G. Araki  Tatsuro Kawasaki  Shinji Kaneko  Masamichi Takahashi  Yukihiro Chiba 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(4):284-291

Fine roots play a key role in carbon and nutrient dynamics in forested ecosystems. Fine-root dynamics can be significantly affected by forest management practices such as thinning, but research on this topic is limited. This study examined dynamics of fine roots <1 mm in diameter in a 10-year-old stand of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) for 3 years following thinning (65% in basal area). Fine-root production and mortality rates were estimated using a minirhizotron technique in combination with soil coring. In both thinned and un-thinned control plots, fine-root elongation occurred from early spring to winter (March to December) and fluctuated seasonally. In the thinned and the control plots, the annual fine-root production rates were estimated to be 101 and 120 g m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, whereas the estimated annual fine-root mortality rates were 77 and 69 g m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. At 3 years after thinning, live fine-root biomass was significantly smaller in the thinned plot (143 g m⁻²) than in the control plot (218 g m⁻²), whereas dead fine-root biomass was not (147 and 103 g m⁻², respectively). Morphological and physiological indices of fine roots such as diameter, specific root length, and root tissue density of the live fine roots was similar in both plots. These results suggested that thinning tended to decrease biomass and production of fine roots, but the effects on characteristics of fine roots would be less evident.  相似文献   

Characterization of sugar metabolism in the stem of Tachisuzuka,a whole-crop silage rice cultivar with high sugar content in the stem     

Yoichi Hashida  Sakurako Kadoya  Masaki Okamura  Yu Sugimura  Tatsuya Hirano  Tatsuro Hirose 《Plant Production Science》2018,21(3):233-243

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