Clinical Neurology     

Thomas J. Divers 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》2011,27(3):ix

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Breeding with resistant rams leads to rapid control of classical scrapie in affected sheep flocks     

Nodelijk G  van Roermund HJ  van Keulen LJ  Engel B  Vellema P  Hagenaars TJ 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):5

ABSTRACT: Susceptibility to scrapie, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep, is modulated by the genetic make-up of the sheep. Scrapie control policies, based on selecting animals of resistant genotype for breeding, have recently been adopted by the Netherlands and other European countries. Here we assess the effectiveness of a breeding programme based on selecting rams of resistant genotype to obtain outbreak control in classical scrapie-affected sheep flocks under field conditions. In six commercially-run flocks following this breeding strategy, we used genotyping to monitor the genotype distribution, and tonsil biopsies and post-mortem analyses to monitor the occurrence of scrapie infection. The farmers were not informed about the monitoring results until the end of the study period of six years. We used a mathematical model of scrapie transmission to analyze the monitoring data and found that where the breeding scheme was consistently applied, outbreak control was obtained after at most four years. Our results also show that classical scrapie control can be obtained before the frequency of non-resistant animals is reduced to zero in the flock. This suggests that control at the national scale can be obtained without a loss of genetic polymorphisms from any of the sheep breeds.  相似文献   

Babesias of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Ireland     

Zintl A  Finnerty EJ  Murphy TM  de Waal T  Gray JS 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):7

ABSTRACT: Blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at two sites in Ireland and subjected to PCR analysis of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing. Two fragments of the 18S rRNA gene were generated by two different PCR protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from Babesia divergens, an important tick-borne pathogen of cattle and of zoonotic significance. Additionally, a B. odocoilei-like parasite was detected in three samples and a babesia that did not match any sequences in the GenBank database was found in five samples. Neither B. capreoli nor B. venatorum (EU1) were found. There have been several reports of B. divergens occurring in deer species, including red deer, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). However, in view of recent re-sequencing of bovine-origin samples deposited previously in GenBank, it is unlikely that any of these sequences from deer are B. divergens. The present study describes the only deer piroplasm detected so far that shows complete identity with B. divergens, in just over half of the 18S rRNA gene. The entire gene of this deer parasite should be analysed and transmission experiments undertaken before the infectivity of B. divergens for red deer can be confirmed.  相似文献   

Risk based culling for highly infectious diseases of livestock     

Te Beest DE  Hagenaars TJ  Stegeman JA  Koopmans MP  van Boven M 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):81

ABSTRACT: The control of highly infectious diseases of livestock such as classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, and avian influenza is fraught with ethical, economic, and public health dilemmas. Attempts to control outbreaks of these pathogens rely on massive culling of infected farms, and farms deemed to be at risk of infection. Conventional approaches usually involve the preventive culling of all farms within a certain radius of an infected farm. Here we propose a novel culling strategy that is based on the idea that farms that have the highest expected number of secondary infections should be culled first. We show that, in comparison with conventional approaches (ring culling), our new method of risk based culling can reduce the total number of farms that need to be culled, the number of culled infected farms (and thus the expected number of human infections in case of a zoonosis), and the duration of the epidemic. Our novel risk based culling strategy requires three pieces of information, viz. the location of all farms in the area at risk, the moments when infected farms are detected, and an estimate of the distance-dependent probability of transmission.  相似文献   

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometrics to identify pine nuts that cause taste disturbance     

Kobler H  Monakhova YB  Kuballa T  Tschiersch C  Vancutsem J  Thielert G  Mohring A  Lachenmeier DW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):6877-6881

Nontargeted 400 MHz (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used in the context of food surveillance to reveal Pinus species whose nuts cause taste disturbance following their consumption, the so-called pine nut syndrome (PNS). Using principal component analysis, three groups of pine nuts were distinguished. PNS-causing products were found in only one of the groups, which however also included some normal products. Sensory analysis was still required to confirm PNS, but NMR allowed the sorting of 53% of 57 samples, which belong to the two groups not containing PNS species. Furthermore, soft independent modeling of class analogy was able to classify the samples between the three groups. NMR spectroscopy was judged as suitable for the screening of pine nuts for PNS. This process may be advantageous as a means of importation control that will allow the identification of samples suitable for direct clearance and those that require further sensory analysis.  相似文献   

Extralabel use of cabergoline in the treatment of a pituitary adenoma in a rat     

Mayer J  Sato A  Kiupel M  DeCubellis J  Donnelly T 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2011,239(5):656-660

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Effects of syringomyelia on electrodiagnostic test results in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels     

Harcourt-Brown TR  Belshaw Z  Parker JE  Jeffery ND  Granger N 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(5):595-600

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Evaluation of equine peripheral blood apheresis product, bone marrow, and adipose tissue as sources of mesenchymal stem cells and their differentation potential     

Ahern BJ  Schaer TP  Terkhorn SP  Jackson KV  Mason NJ  Hankenson KD 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(1):127-133

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Notification for intended animal research - remarks on the future procedures on the basis of the European Union Laboratory Animal Guideline 2010/63/EU     

Pyczak T 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2011,124(9-10):376-381

The new Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes causes a need of several changes in German animal welfare law. On the basis of the regulations in the Directive, adjustments of the existing notification procedures are unavoidable. The Directive includes provisions for a simplified administrative procedure which differs significantly from the existing notification procedures. In any case, an application process will be required for projects in the meaning of the Directive. This contribution comments on the conceivable changes of the existing notification procedure. The implementation of the provisions of the Directive into national law has to be done near-term as the Directive is applicable from January 1st 2013. In advance, political and legal procedures must be passed through, the adapted regulations are to be notified by the European Commission and last but not least the authorities and user establishments must have enough time to implement the necessary changes.  相似文献   

Efficacy of Newcastle disease virus recombinant expressing avian influenza virus H6 hemagglutinin against Newcastle disease and low pathogenic avian influenza in chickens and turkeys     

Schröer D  Veits J  Keil G  Römer-Oberdörfer A  Weber S  Mettenleiter TC 《Avian diseases》2011,55(2):201-211

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