Note on the Smaller Mammals of the Hester Malan Nature Reserve,Springbok, Namaqualand     

R.C. Dieckmann 《African Zoology》2013,48(2):85-89

A survey of the smaller mammals of the Hester Malan Nature Reserve resulted in a checklist as well as information on the habitat in which the mammals occurred. Of the 38 species listed, 31 were collected or seen in the Reserve and seven on the neighbouring farms and surrounding district.  相似文献   

Letter from the Editor     

Ulf Wümsche 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(1)

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Nitric oxide and metalloproteinases in canine articular ligaments: a comparison between the cranial cruciate, the medial genual collateral and the femoral head ligament     

Louis E  Remer KA  Doherr MG  Neumann U  Jungi T  Schawalder P  Spreng D 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2006,172(3):466-472

Osteoarthritis due to cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture or hip dysplasia is one of the most important causes of chronic lameness in dogs. This study aimed at comparing nitric oxide (NO) production by the CCL with that of the femoral head ligament (FHL) and the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and investigating the pathway of NO production and the concomitant metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the presence or absence of an inflammatory stimulus. Ligaments of normal dogs were subjected to different stimuli, and NO and MMP activity from explant culture supernatants were compared. The results showed that in explant cultures of the canine CCL more NO was produced than in those of the other two ligaments. A higher level of NO was produced when CCLs were exposed to the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-inducing cocktail TNF/IL-1/LPS, and NO synthesis could be inhibited by both l-NMMA, a general nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and l-NIL, a specific iNOS inhibitor. However, a correlation between NO synthesis and iNOS expression levels as determined by immunohistochemistry was not observed. In contrast to CCL, no evidence for iNOS-dependent NO synthesis was observed for MCL and FHL. The CCL produced less MMP than MCL and FHL, and no correlation between MMP and NO could be demonstrated. MMP activity in the CCL increased significantly after 48 h of incubation with the inflammatory stimulus. The results suggest that in canine osteoarthritis NO synthesized by canine CCL plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the stifle than that synthesized by FHL and MCL.  相似文献   

Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Swedish adults     

Ekelund U  Sepp H  Brage S  Becker W  Jakes R  Hennings M  Wareham NJ 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(2):258-265

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the short, last 7-day, self-administered form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). DESIGN: All subjects wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and completed the IPAQ questionnaire on the eighth day. Criterion validity was assessed by linear regression analysis and by modified Bland-Altman analysis. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for classifying respondents according to the physical activity guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SETTING: Workplaces in Uppsala, Sweden. SUBJECTS: One hundred and eighty-five (87 males) participants, aged 20 to 69 years. RESULTS: Total self-reported physical activity (PA) (MET-min day(-1)) was significantly correlated with average intensity of activity (counts min(-1)) from accelerometry (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Gender, age, education and body mass index did not affect this relationship. Further, subcomponents of self-reported PA (time spent sitting, time in PA, time in moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA)) were significantly correlated with objectively measured PA (P < 0.05). Self-reported time in PA was significantly different from time measured by accelerometry (mean difference: -25.9 min day(-1); 95% limits of agreement: -172 to 120 min day(-1); P < 0.001). IPAQ identified 77% (specificity) of those who met the current PA guidelines of accumulating more than 30 min day(-1) in MVPA as determined by accelerometry, whereas only 45% (sensitivity) of those not meeting the guidelines were classified correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the short, last 7-days version of the IPAQ has acceptable criterion validity for use in Swedish adults. However, the IPAQ instrument significantly overestimated self-reported time spent in PA. The specificity to correctly classify people achieving current PA guidelines was acceptable, whereas the sensitivity was low.  相似文献   

Recent plant diversity changes on Europe's mountain summits   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Pauli H  Gottfried M  Dullinger S  Abdaladze O  Akhalkatsi M  Benito Alonso JL  Coldea G  Dick J  Erschbamer B  Fernández Calzado R  Ghosn D  Holten JI  Kanka R  Kazakis G  Kollár J  Larsson P  Moiseev P  Moiseev D  Molau U  Molero Mesa J  Nagy L  Pelino G  Puşcaş M  Rossi G  Stanisci A  Syverhuset AO  Theurillat JP  Tomaselli M  Unterluggauer P  Villar L  Vittoz P  Grabherr G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6079):353-355

In mountainous regions, climate warming is expected to shift species' ranges to higher altitudes. Evidence for such shifts is still mostly from revisitations of historical sites. We present recent (2001 to 2008) changes in vascular plant species richness observed in a standardized monitoring network across Europe's major mountain ranges. Species have moved upslope on average. However, these shifts had opposite effects on the summit floras' species richness in boreal-temperate mountain regions (+3.9 species on average) and Mediterranean mountain regions (-1.4 species), probably because recent climatic trends have decreased the availability of water in the European south. Because Mediterranean mountains are particularly rich in endemic species, a continuation of these trends might shrink the European mountain flora, despite an average increase in summit species richness across the region.  相似文献   

Flood Retention and Drinking Water Supply – Preventing Conflicts of Interest     

Matthias Maier  Dirk Kühlers  Heinz-Jürgen Brauch  Michael Fleig  Dietrich Maier  Gerhard H. Jirka  Ulf Mohrlok  Ekkehart Bethge  Hans Helmut Bernhart  Boris Lehmann  Gudrun Hillebrand  Jan Wölz  Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2006,6(2):113-114

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Trichothecene production by Trichoderma brevicompactum     

Nielsen KF  Gräfenhan T  Zafari D  Thrane U 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(21):8190-8196

Trichoderma brevicompactum, T. viride, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. erinaceum, T. citrinoviride, and Hypocrea lutea were screened for production of trichothecenes after growth on one or several solid and liquid media. Trichothecenes were detected by liquid chromatography combined with online UV/vis spectroscopy and electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry. T. brevicompactum produced trichodermin and/or harzianum A on all media investigated, with liquid media yielding the largest amounts. Detection of octa-2Z,4E,6E-trienedioic acid in the harzianum-A-producing strains indicated that harzianum A was synthesized directly by esterification of trichodermol with octa-2Z,4E,6E-trienedioic acid. Both the T. viride strain from which trichodermin was originally isolated and the T. harzianum strain from which harzianum A was originally isolated were shown to belong to T. brevicompactum based on four independent criteria: metabolite profiles, micromorphology, macromorphology on yeast extract sucrose agar and potato dextrose agar, and DNA sequences of the ITS1/ITS2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA.  相似文献   

Radio-frequency spectroscopy of ultracold fermions     

Gupta S  Hadzibabic Z  Zwierlein MW  Stan CA  Dieckmann K  Schunck CH  Van Kempen EG  Verhaar BJ  Ketterle W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5626):1723-1726

Radio-frequency techniques were used to study ultracold fermions. We observed the absence of mean-field "clock" shifts, the dominant source of systematic error in current atomic clocks based on bosonic atoms. This absence is a direct consequence of fermionic antisymmetry. Resonance shifts proportional to interaction strengths were observed in a three-level system. However, in the strongly interacting regime, these shifts became very small, reflecting the quantum unitarity limit and many-body effects. This insight into an interacting Fermi gas is relevant for the quest to observe superfluidity in this system.  相似文献   

Differences in soil properties in adjacent stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch in SW Sweden     

Karna Hansson  Bengt A. OlssonMats Olsson  Ulf JohanssonDan Berggren Kleja 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(3):522-530

Soil properties were compared in adjacent 50-year-old Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch stands growing on similar soils in south-west Sweden. The effects of tree species were most apparent in the humus layer and decreased with soil depth. At 20-30 cm depth in the mineral soil, species differences in soil properties were small and mostly not significant. Soil C, N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na content, pH, base saturation and fine root biomass all significantly differed between humus layers of different species. Since the climate, parent material, land use history and soil type were similar, the differences can be ascribed to tree species. Spruce stands had the largest amounts of carbon stored down to 30 cm depth in mineral soil (7.3 kg C m⁻²), whereas birch stands, with the lowest production, smallest amount of litterfall and lowest C:N ratio in litter and humus, had the smallest carbon pool (4.1 kg C m⁻²), with pine intermediate (4.9 kg C m⁻²). Similarly, soil nitrogen pools amounted to 349, 269, and 240 g N m⁻² for spruce, pine, and birch stands, respectively. The humus layer in birch stands was thin and mixed with mineral soil, and soil pH was highest in the birch stands. Spruce had the thickest humus layer with the lowest pH.  相似文献   

Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin     

Aspholm-Hurtig M  Dailide G  Lahmann M  Kalia A  Ilver D  Roche N  Vikström S  Sjöström R  Lindén S  Bäckström A  Lundberg C  Arnqvist A  Mahdavi J  Nilsson UJ  Velapatiño B  Gilman RH  Gerhard M  Alarcon T  López-Brea M  Nakazawa T  Fox JG  Correa P  Dominguez-Bello MG  Perez-Perez GI  Blaser MJ  Normark S  Carlstedt I  Oscarson S  Teneberg S  Berg DE  Borén T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5683):519-522

Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.  相似文献