The occurrence of terrestrial algae on two beech sites on a Cambisol     

Ingo Whler  Stefan Klaß  Manigee Derakshani  Gerold Stellmacher  Jrg-Ulrich Winter  Werner Reißer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1998,161(1):31-34

The occurrence of terrestrial algae on two beech sites was determined qualitatively and quantitatively in the litter, organic and mineral layer. Both sites are beech stands of different age and the soil type is a Cambisol. On the site with young beech the maximal value determined was 1.0 · 10⁸ algae g^?1 dw in the litter layer. With increasing soil depth the number of algae decreased on both sites, and at the young beech stand site no algae were found in the mineral soil. Chlorophyceae were the dominant algae group and at the young beech stand Bacillariophyceae were present.  相似文献   

On the mechanism of action of the fungicide chloroneb     

H. Lyr  P. Werner 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1982,18(1):69-76

Chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) is a fungicide with moderate systemic properties and selective activity toward certain fungi (e.g., Phytophthora, Pythium, Botrytis, Mucor). Although the compound is metabolized by some fungi to the toxic oxidation products DCMP (2,5-dichloro-4-methoxyphenol) and DCHQ (2,5-dichlorohydroquinone) the fungitoxic principle is chloroneb per se. It causes a lysis of the inner mitochondrial membrane of sensitive fungi, attacks the nuclear membrane and also other membranes at higher doses. Oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria slowly decreases, but the respiratory control quotient remains nearly constant. No specific uncoupling activity or inhibition of the respiratory chain could be detected. Chloroneb is bound to the mitochondrial membrane in sensitive organisms, and a good correlation exists between binding capacity, damage to mitochondrial structure and function, and growth inhibitory effects. DCMP has a nearly identical effect, but some additional uncoupling activity whereas DCHQ is different in its mechanism of action. A comparison of a chloroneb-sensitive strain of Mucor mucedo and a resistant strain with respect to the amino acid composition of their mitochondrial membranes demonstrated a significantly diminished content of tyrosine in the resistant strain, which may be associated with the decreased binding capacity for chloroneb. Although the reason for mitochondrial destruction is not yet elucidated, counteracting effects of piperonylbutoxide and α-tocopherol acetate suggest that a radical mechanism may be involved.  相似文献   

Probleme der Pflanzenzüchtung aus biochemischer Sicht     

Werner Schuphan 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1966,13(1-4):3-46

Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden im folgenden kurz zusammengefaßt:1. Zwischen ertragsbildenden und biochemischen Merkmalen der Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen bestehen gewisse Korrelationen, deren Kenntnis dem Pflanzenzüchter wertvolle Hilfe leisten kann.2. Der Gehalt an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen wird zumeist erblich geprägt. Diese Stoffe unterliegen Modifikationen durch Umwelt und Kulturmaßnahmen innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen.Einige chemische Stoffe, wie Nitrat und Nitrit, entziehen sich jedoch als transitorische Stoffwechselprodukte einer erblichen Fixierung. Sie werden z.B. im Spinat durch Umwelt und hohe N-Düngung stark angereichert. Sie können gegebenenfalls gesundheitliche Schäden bei Säuglingen hervorrufen (Methämoglobinämie).3. Die Erkenntnisse der Chemotaxonomie der Pflanze erleichtern dem Phytochemiker die Arbeit bei der biochemischen Qualitätszüchtung. Er kann auf Grund chemotaxonomischer Angaben ersehen, welche erwünschten und unerwünschten Stoffe in bestimmten Pflanzenfamilien oder in ihren Arten vorkommen.4. Anhand von zwei Beispielen, Provitamin A und Biologische Eiweißwertigkeit — letztgenannte durch Höhe und Anteil essentieller Aminosäuren am Rohprotein bedingt — wird die Problematik der biochemischen Pflanzenzüchtung auf Grund langfristiger experimenteller Untersuchungen aufgezeigt. Maßnahmen, um Fehlschläge oder Fehldeutungen zu vermeiden, werden angeführt.5. Sonstige wertgebende Inhaltsstoffe von Bedeutung für die Pflanzenzüchtung werden genannt, etwaige Probleme — soweit bekannt — diskutiert.6. Anhand einer Reihe von Beispielen wird dargelegt, wie der praktiscnen Pflanzenzüchtung zu einer leicht durchzuführenden Selektionsmethode aus biochemischer Sicht zu verhelfen ist. Allein durch Übermittlung bestimmter experimentell gewonnener Erkenntnisse, z.B. eines unterschiedlichen Gehalts an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen in morphologisch bzw. anatomisch differenzierten Pflanzenteilen (vegetativ, reproduktiv — oberirdisch, unterirdisch), ist dies schon möglich.

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Summary The results of this paper are summarized as follows:1.Certain correlations exist between characters influencing yield and biochemical features. The knowledge of these facts is of great importance to plant breeders.2. The contents of biochemical substances will be characterized genetically. These compounds underly modifications by environment and cultural measures within definite limits.Some chemical substances of the transitoric metabolism of plants, such as nitrate and nitrite, are not fixed genetically. They increase by ecology and high amounts of nitrogen, e.g. in spinach. As a result they may cause detrimental implications for infants (Methaemoglobinaemia).3. The knowledge of chemical plant taxonomy will help the phytochemist in his aims with biochemical breeding for quality, enabling him to point out wanted and unwanted compounds in definite plant families or in their species.4. Problems of biochemical plant breeding are discussed with the aid of long termed experimental investigations by two examples, Provitamine A and Biological Value of Proteins, the latter defined by amount and proportion of essential amino acids to crude protein. Measures to avoid mistakes and misinterpretations are described.5. Other biochemical substances important in plant breeding are cited and problems discussed as far as they are known.6. Examples show ways of practical plant breeding to a selection method from the biochemical angle easy to carry out. It can be realized alone by the use of certain findings gained by experiments, e.g. with the knowledge of different biochemical contents in parts of plants (vegetative, reproductive — aboveground, underground), which are differenciated morphologically and anatomically.

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Résumé Voici un bref résumé de ce travail:1^o) Les caractères affectant le rendement et les caractères biochimiques des plantes alimentaires et fourragères sont liés dans une certaine mesure, et ces corrélations peuvent rendre les plus grands services au sélectionneur.2^o) Les caractères de taux de substances utiles sont en général héréditaires. Ces taux sont modifiés dans des limites déterminées par le milieu externe et par les méthodes culturales.Quelques substances, telles que nitrates et nitrites, qui sont des substances transitoires du métabolisme, échappent à tout déterminisme héréditaire. L'écologie, une fumure azotée excessive déterminent leur accumulation chez l'épinard. Ils peuvent éventuellement déterminer des accidents de santé chez les nourrissons (méthémoglobinémie).3^o) La connaissance de la taxonomie chimique des végétaux facilite le travail du phytochimiste qui sélectionne en vue de la qualité. Il peut, d'après les données de la taxonomie chimique, prévoir les substances désirables ou indésirables dans certaines familles ou certaines espèces.4^o) A partir de deux exemples, provitamine A et valeur biologique des protéines, cette dernière conditionnée par la proportion d'aminoacides essentiels contenus dans les matières azotées totales, toute la problématique de la sélection biochimique des plantes cultivées au cours d'essais expérimentaux de longue durée est décrite. Les causes d'erreurs, les interprétations erronées, sont signalées.5^o) D'autres substances déterminant la qualité aux yeux du sélectionneur, et les problèmes qui s'y rattachent, dans la mesure où ils sont connus, sont discutés.6^o) Une série d'exemples montrent comment la sélection végétale pratique peut s'aider par des méthodes faciles et pourtant biochimiquement valables. Certaines données expérimentales — par exemple la différenciation des taux d'éléments utiles dans les diverses parties morphologiquement différenciées du végétal (système végétatif, reproducteur, organes aériens, souterrains) permettent des sélections faciles.

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mit 24 Fig.

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Vortrag, gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung EUCARPIA-CIQ in Lund, Schweden (14.–17. Juli 1965) am 16.7.1965.Dieses Vortragsmanuskript erscheint auch in gegenseitigem Einvernehmen in den: Proceedings of the EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress in Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Stockholm 1966.  相似文献   

Effect of the virus content per vaccination dose on the effectiveness of the immune prevention of Marek's disease in general practice     

P Werner  O Werner  U Schmidt  I Sulk  P Reinhold  G Grünert  I Walter  D H?rtling  M Jendreykow  H Exner 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1985,39(5):746-759

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Arrhythmias in dogs associated with epinephrine and thiamylal anesthesia.     

W W Muir  L L Werner  R L Hamlin 《American journal of veterinary research》1975,36(9):1291-1297

Sinus tachycardia bigeminy, ventricular rhythm, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation are produced by relatively small intravenous doses of epinephrine in nonanesthetized dogs and in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal sodium. Origin of the abnormal beat in coupled bigeminal rhythms generated from the bundle o of His or above. Increases in arterial blood pressure may predispose to arrhythmia formation during thiamylal anesthesia.  相似文献   

Effects of xylazine and acetylpromazine upon induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal and halothane.     

W W Muir  L L Werner  R L Hamlin 《American journal of veterinary research》1975,36(9):1299-1303

Ventricular arryhythmias including ventricular fibrillation were produced with epinephrine in dogs induced to an anesthetic state with thiamylal and maintained with halothane. In dogs given (premedicated) xylazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation, were induced with much smaller doses of epinephrine than in nonpremedicated dogs. Dogs premedicated with acetylpromazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia with thiamylal and halothane displayed protection from epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Caution is advised from using xylazine in the presence of halothane if epinephrine is to be administered.  相似文献   

Synthetic immunostimulants (excluding sulfur-containing compounds)     

G H Werner 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1986,9(2-3):131-136

Many different approaches have been used, over the last 15 years, for the design of potential immunostimulating drugs: Fractionation of crude natural substances (of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin) already known to enhance immune functions, followed by chemical characterization and, in many cases, full synthesis of the active moiety: examples are provided by thymic hormones and the muramyldipeptide (MDP); Chemical modification of natural substances of known chemical structure in order to potentiate or change their biological activities or reduce their toxicity: murabutide, lipophilic MDP derivatives, lipopeptides (such as pimelautide), tuftsin analogs; Chemical synthesis (often without preconceived ideas about structure-activity relationship) of a great variety of molecules which are then screened in vitro and in vivo for immunopharmacological activity. The chemical structures and the biological profiles (in terms of possible primary cellular targets and mechanisms of immunostimulating activities) of representatives of class (b) and class (c) immunostimulants are reviewed in this paper.  相似文献   

Alleviation of hip dysplasia with bilateral excision arthroplasty     

B G Levine  B J Nilles  R E Werner 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1970,156(11):1576-1577

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Normal and pathological ECG in the dog. 1. Lead technic, rhythm and configuration criteria as well as times     

J Werner  E Trautvetter  A von Recum  J P Poirson  H Sklaschus 《Wiener tier?rztliche Monatsschrift》1972,59(2):49-54

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Duration of systole and diastole as a function of the heart beat interval in the dog, in other domestic animals and in man     

J Werner  H W Gallrein  E Trautvetter  H Sklaschus  H Schulz 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1969,82(9):166-170

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