Strong seasonal variations in net ecosystem CO₂ exchange of a tropical pasture and afforestation in Panama     

Sebastian Wolf  Werner EugsterCatherine Potvin  Nina Buchmann 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(8):1139-1151

Pasture and afforestation are land-use types of major importance in the tropics, yet, most flux tower studies have been conducted in mature tropical forests. As deforestation in the tropics is expected to continue, it is critical to improve our understanding of alternative land-use types, and the impact of interactions between land use and climate on ecosystem carbon dynamics. Thus, we measured net ecosystem CO₂ fluxes of a pasture and an adjacent tropical afforestation (native tree species plantation) in Sardinilla, Panama from 2007 to 2009. The objectives of our paired site study were: (1) to assess seasonal and inter-annual variations in net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) of pasture and afforestation, (2) to identify the environmental controls of net ecosystem CO₂ fluxes, and (3) to constrain eddy covariance derived total ecosystem respiration (TER) with chamber-based soil respiration (R_Soil) measurements. We observed distinct seasonal variations in NEE that were more pronounced in the pasture compared to the afforestation, reflecting changes in plant and microbial activities. The land conversion from pasture to afforestation increased the potential for carbon uptake by trees vs. grasses throughout most of the year. R_Soil contributed about 50% to TER, with only small differences between ecosystems or seasons. Radiation and soil moisture were the main environmental controls of CO₂ fluxes while temperature had no effect on NEE. The pasture ecosystem was more strongly affected by soil water limitations during the dry season, probably due to the shallower root system of grasses compared to trees. Thus, it seems likely that predicted increases in precipitation variability will impact seasonal variations of CO₂ fluxes in Central Panama, in particular of pasture ecosystems.  相似文献   

Authentication of the botanical origin of honey by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy. A preliminary study     

Ruoff K  Karoui R  Dufour E  Luginbühl W  Bosset JO  Bogdanov S  Amado R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(5):1343-1347

The potential of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy for the authentication of unifloral and polyfloral honey types (n = 57 samples) previously classified using traditional methods such as chemical, pollen, and sensory analysis was evaluated. Emission spectra were recorded between 280 and 480 nm (excit: 250 nm), 305 and 500 nm (excit: 290 nm), and 380 and 600 nm (excit: 373 nm) directly on honey samples. In addition, excitation spectra (290-440 nm) were recorded with the emission measured at 450 nm. A total of four different spectral data sets were considered for data analysis. After normalization of the spectra, chemometric evaluation of the spectral data was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The rate of correct classification ranged from 36% to 100% by using single spectral data sets (250, 290, 373, 450 nm) and from 73% to 100% by combining these four data sets. For alpine polyfloral honey and the unifloral varieties investigated (acacia, alpine rose, honeydew, chestnut, and rape), correct classification ranged from 96% to 100%. This preliminary study indicates that front-face fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technique for the authentication of the botanical origin of honey. It is nondestructive, rapid, easy to use, and inexpensive. The use of additional excitation wavelengths between 320 and 440 nm could increase the correct classification of the less characteristic fluorescent varieties.  相似文献   

Common physical-chemical properties correlate with similar structure of the IgE epitopes of peanut allergens     

Schein CH  Ivanciuc O  Braun W 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(22):8752-8759

Although many sequences and linear IgE epitopes of allergenic proteins have been identified and archived in databases, structural and physicochemical discriminators that define their specific properties are lacking. Current bioinformatics tools for predicting the potential allergenicity of a novel protein use methods that were not designed to compare peptides. Novel tools to determine the quantitative sequence and three-dimensional (3D) relationships between IgE epitopes of major allergens from peanut and other foods have been implemented in the Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP; http://fermi.utmb.edu/SDAP/). These peptide comparison tools are based on five-dimensional physicochemical property (PCP) vectors. Sequences from SDAP proteins similar in their physicochemical properties to known epitopes of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 were identified by calculating property distance (PD) values. A 3D model of Ara h 1 was generated to visualize the 3D structure and surface exposure of the epitope regions and peptides with a low PD value to them. Many sequences similar to the known epitopes were identified in related nut allergens, and others were within the sequences of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2. Some of the sequences with low PD values correspond to other known epitopes. Regions with low PD values to one another in Ara h 1 had similar predicted structure, on opposite sides of the internal dimer axis. The PD scale detected epitope pairs that are similar in structure and/or reactivity with patient IgE. The high immunogenicity and IgE reactivity of peanut allergen proteins might be due to the proteins' arrays of similar antigenic regions on opposite sides of a single protein structure.  相似文献   

Spectrophotometric determination of ferbam (iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate) in a commercial sample and wheat grains using 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline     

Ashok Kumar Malik  B S Seidel  Werner Faubel 《Pest management science》1999,55(10):1000-1003

A procedure has been developed for the determination of iron(III) dimethyldithiocarbamate by converting it into iron(III)- bathophenanthroline complex, which is then dissolved in water in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate as a surfactant, and the absorbance measured at 532 nm against a reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.3–20 µg ml⁻¹ in the final solution. The method is sensitive, highly selective and can be used for the determination of ferbam in a commercial sample, in mixtures with various dithiocarbamates (ziram, zineb, maneb, etc.) and from wheat grains. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Methods of analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticides: a review     

Ashok Kumar Malik  Werner Faubel 《Pest management science》1999,55(10):965-970

This review incorporates a brief introduction to methods for the analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticides followed by a more detailed discussion of individual methods. Determination of dithiocarbamate residues from foodstuffs, water and commercial samples and in various environmental samples using different techniques is a key feature. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Flavor of Cereal Products—A Review     

Werner Grosch  Peter Schieberle 《Cereal Chemistry》1997,74(2):91-97

The review is focused on studies presenting quantitative data and odor activity values (ratio of concentration to odor threshold) of key odorants in bread (wheat and rye), toasted bread, puff pastries made with different fats, fragrant and nonfragrant rices, sweet corn, popcorn, and tortillas. The influence of raw materials, processing parameters, and storage conditions on the concentrations of key odorants and some data on flavor precursors and formation pathways of these compounds are discussed.  相似文献