The competitiveness of the phytosociological attributes of the protected areas in Bangladesh with that in the other tropical countries     

Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman  Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud  Mohammad Shahidullah  Tapan Kumar Nath  Mohammed Jashimuddin 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(6):431-450

ABSTRACT

Many forest reserves in Bangladesh have been converted to protected areas (PAs) to conserve the forests resources from further depletion. This study has investigated if such initiatives have improved the state of biodiversity of these PAs amid tremendous anthropogenic pressure on forest resources. We have assessed the phytosociological attributes of the PAs in the country through a case study at Kaptai National Park (KNP) and compared the attributes with those of the adjacent areas and of the tropical forests across the world. We have identified 52 species belonging to 45 genera and 28 families. The most dominant species in KNP was Dipterocarpus spp. and the adjacent area was dominated by Tectona grandis. Unexpectedly, the Shannon-Wiener index of KNP has dropped down from 2.98 in 2000 to 0.90 in 2014. However, in terms of relative density, relative dominance, and relative frequency, KNP was better than the adjacent areas. In contrast, the mean Shannon-Wiener index in KNP (0.90) was smaller than that in the tropical countries (2.99). We recommend strengthening effective comanagement of PAs and enabling nonforestry income generation activities for the forest-dependent people so that the biodiversity of the PAs can be enriched while people’s livelihoods are ensured.  相似文献   

Relative efficiency of government and non-government organisations in implementing a nutrition intervention programme--a case study from Bangladesh     

Khan MM  Ahmed S 《Public health nutrition》2003,6(1):19-24

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Diazinon poisoning in large white butterfly larvae and the influence of sesamex and piperonyl butoxide     

Mahmud A. Wahla  R. Geoffrey Gibbs  John B. Ford 《Pest management science》1976,7(4):367-371

The toxicity of diazinon and diazoxon to fourth instar Pieris brassicae larvae was determined, with or without modifying chemicals. Piperonyl butoxide and sesamex antagonised diazinon but synergised diazoxon. The penetration, excretion and internal concentration of diazinon were measured following topical application. Penetration of diazinon followed first order kinetics and was considerably slower after pretreatment with sesamex and piperonyl butoxide. Pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide increased the internal concentration of diazinon, but the onset of symptoms of poisoning was delayed, presumably because of inhibition of diazinon activation.  相似文献   

Commodity Chain of Frankincense from the Dry Woodlands of Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan State, Sudan     

Asmamaw Alemu Abtew  Jürgen Pretzsch  Tarig El-Sheikh Mohmoud  Yahia Omar Adam 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(3):365-388

Frankincense is one of the major commercial NTFPs in the Sudan produced by tapping the bark of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst trees. It is one of the major NTFPs of the Sudan traded locally and internationally. The aims of the present study include: (1) to identify the chain actors and their functions (2) to estimate benefit distribution and value added along the chain; and (3) to determine the mechanisms by which actors control and maintain access to benefits. The study was conducted in the Rashad locality, South Kordofan state, Sudan in 2008/2009. A combination of Rapid Rural Appraisal tools including key informant interview, in-depth semi-structured interviews, group discussion and direct observations were used for primary data collection. Eight major actors involved in the value chain were identified and their activities and characteristics examined. The average annual net income of tapper, producer, village trader, and urban merchant was estimated to be 74, 740, 1,300, and 11,230 USD, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate the upward skewed benefit distribution among the value chain actors. The total relative commercialization margin was 62.5% indicating that the actors involved in marketing of the product accrued higher proportion of the end market price. While those involved in the production activities, tappers and producers, receive less income counting about 37.5% of the end market price. The results also illustrate that there is limited value added processing in the commodity chain. Commercial benefits in the commodity chain are gained, maintained and controlled through different mechanisms. The study concludes that frankincense production and marketing is financially profitable for producers, village traders and urban merchants. However, frankincense tappers and producers receive less income. Technical, financial, and institutional support could result in an increase in local actors?? income and contribute to sustainability of the supply of the product.  相似文献   

Goat uterine epithelial cells are susceptible to infection with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) in vivo     

Ali Al Ahmad MZ  Dubreil L  Chatagnon G  Khayli Z  Theret M  Martignat L  Chebloune Y  Fieni F 《Veterinary research》2012,43(1):5

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine, using immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization, whether CAEV is capable of infecting goat uterine epithelial cells in vivo. Five CAEV seropositive goats confirmed as infected using double nested polymerase chain reaction (dnPCR) on leucocytes and on vaginal secretions were used as CAEV positive goats. Five CAEV-free goats were used as controls. Samples from the uterine horn were prepared for dnPCR, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence. The results from dnPCR confirmed the presence of CAEV proviral DNA in the uterine horn samples of infected goats whereas no CAEV proviral DNA was detected in samples taken from the uninfected control goats. The in situ hybridization probe was complementary to part of the CAEV gag gene and confirmed the presence of CAEV nucleic acids in uterine samples. The positively staining cells were seen concentrated in the mucosa of the lamina propria of uterine sections. Finally, laser confocal analysis of double p28/cytokeratin immunolabelled transverse sections of CAEV infected goat uterus, demonstrated that the virus was localized in glandular and epithelial cells. This study clearly demonstrates that goat uterine epithelial cells are susceptible to CAEV infection in vivo. This finding could help to further our understanding of the epidemiology of CAEV, and in particular the possibility of vertical transmission.  相似文献   

Mucus and hormonal traits in three gestation patterns (pre-, full- and post-term) of Egyptian Nubian (Zaraibi) crossbred doe goats     

Abdel-Halim Ali EL-DARAWANY  Ibrahim Fayez Mahmud MARAI  Kamal Mohamed ELWAN  Akram Abdel-Sattar EL-TARABANY 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(6):541-547

In the present study, 48 crossbred does (Nubian × Baladi) were used to investigate physiological (mucus and hormonal) traits as affected by gestation pattern (pre‐, full‐ and post‐term parturitions). The incidence of full‐term (does with a gestation length of 146–152 days) was the highest (54.5%), followed by pre‐term (does with a gestation length of 140–145 days; 36.9%) and post‐term (does with a gestation length of 153 days; 8.9%), respectively. Prediction of gestation pattern by using some body measurements was also studied. Cervical mucus samples were collected during estrus to determine spinnbarkeit (i.e. strength, viscosity or stretchability) and pH values of the mucus. Mucus was also collected pre‐parturition daily from day 140 of gestation until delivery, to evaluate the ferning arborization. Blood samples were collected on the day before mating (0 time), 1 (at mating), 30, 60, 90 and 145 days after mating. The results showed that spinnbarkeit and pH in cervical mucus at estrus, serum estradiol‐17α (E2) at day 5 before delivery, and progesterone (P4) levels differed insignificantly according to gestation pattern. The fern degree between day 140 of gestation and day of delivery was the highest in pre‐term does, while it was the lowest in post‐ and full‐term does. The gestation length was the highest in post‐term does (157.5 days), and the lowest in pre‐term does (141.5 days). During winter, the incidence of pre‐term deliveries was the highest (54.5%), but in spring, full‐term deliveries were the most common (58.3%). Most of the traits studied were insignificantly affected by season of birth. Post‐term delivery can be estimated by doe weight and wither height, while full‐term delivery can be anticipated using by hip height and abdomen girth. Pre‐term does can be detected by cervical mucus fern between day 140 of gestation and day of delivery. Post‐term does can be defined by doe weight and wither height, while full‐term deliveries can be defined by hip height and abdomen girth, during pregnancy.  相似文献   

Effect of cold temperature durations of onion sets in store on the incidence of bolting,bulbing and seed yield     

Khalid Mahmud Khokhar  P. Hadley  S. Pearson 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of the School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading during 1996. The planting material comprised of sets (graded to 22.5 mm diameter) of two cultivars, Hygro and Delta. The sets were stored at 5 °C for nine chilling durations, between 10 and 90 days. A control treatment (sets stored at room temperature of 20 °C for days) was also included in the experiment for comparison. Sets of both cultivars treated for 90 days at 5 °C, produced nearly seven times more bolters than those treated for 20 days. Cool temperature treatment for 10 days was too short to induce bolting. Number of florets and percentage of seed bearing florets per umbel increased with lengthening cold durations and this resulted in higher seed yield per umbel. Mean bulb weight per plant was found to increase with shortening the period of low temperature treatment. For bulb crop, storage of sets at 20 °C for 90 days appears to be optimum, as it checked bolting and increased average bulb weight and bulb yields m⁻² in both cultivars.  相似文献   

Effect of reciprocal transfers of onion sets between inductive and non-inductive temperatures on the incidence of bolting and bulbing and seed yield     

Khalid Mahmud Khokhar  P. Hadley  S. Pearson 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

The experiment was conducted at the experimental grounds of the School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading during 1996. Onion sets (22.5 mm diameter) of two cultivars (Hygro and Delta) were transferred from a low (10 °C) to a high (30 °C) temperature and vice versa on six occasions at 15 days intervals. Two control treatments where sets remained at 10 and 30 °C throughout were also included in the experiment for comparison. In both cultivars (Hygro and Delta), plants did not flower when sets were maintained at 30 °C throughout or when given 15 days at 10 °C followed by 30 °C for 75 days. Highest percentage of bolting was observed when sets were maintained for the longest period at 10 °C followed by the shortest period at 30 °C or when given 10 °C throughout. Highest number of florets and seed yield per umbel was recorded in treatments where sets were maintained at 10 °C for 90 days. Mean bulb weight increased where sets remained for longer period at higher temperature (30 °C) either before or after transfer. Bulb yield m⁻² increased when sets were initially stored at 10 °C for a short period followed by 30 °C throughout.  相似文献   

Review of two viral agents of economic importance to the equine industry (equine herpesvirus-1, and equine arteritis virus)     

Hassan Y. A. H. Mahmoud  Samer S. Fouad  Yahia A. Amin 《Equine Veterinary Education》2023,35(2):92-102

Equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) and equine arteritis virus (EAV) are infectious agents that cause serious health risks to horse populations and are disbursed worldwide, which can lead to significant financial losses. In addition to being responsible for abortion and neonatal death, these viruses are associated with respiratory illness. Although previous research and reviews have been written on these viruses, both viruses still affect horse populations around the world and the vaccines currently available are not completely protective, especially against EHV-1 and equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Moreover, EAV is considered a threat to the $102 billion equine industry in the United States. As a result, these viruses represent a huge threat to the horse industry and efforts geared towards preventing the outbreak of the disease are strongly encouraged. For this reason, updates about these viruses are necessary and require more and more discussion on the nature and characteristics of these viruses to know how to overcome them. Prevention and control of abortion and neonatal foal death caused by each of the two viruses depend on appropriate management strategies coupled with prophylactic vaccination. This review presents the latest detailed information on EHV-1 and EAV from several aspects such as transmission, clinical signs, pathogenesis, latest developments on the treatment of the diseases, vaccination, and finally challenges and future perspectives. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and EAV and formulating policies that can help to limit the spread of these viruses within horse populations.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of lentiviruses from goats from Poland based on gag gene sequence analysis     

Kuzmak J  Rola M  Gallay K  Chebloune Y 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2007,30(4):211-223

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in goats is worldwide but with higher prevalence in industrialized countries. While positive serology of CAEV in Polish goats was reported there was no genetic study of this virus. In this study, we described the molecular characterization of lentiviruses isolated from seropositive goats from Poland. We cloned and sequenced a fragment from the gag gene covering part of the coding sequences for the matrix (MA) p17 and for the capsid (CA) p25 proteins. Resulting nucleotide sequences were aligned with those from other ovine/caprine lentivirus isolates. We present data showing that the sequences of most goat lentivirus isolates are closer to the prototypic CAEV-Co isolate, nevertheless from one goat we isolated a virus that is closer to the sheep Maedi Visna virus (MVV) isolate. This might indicate a recent cross-species infection from sheep to goat.  相似文献