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11.
Bawm S Matsuura H Elkhateeb A Nabeta K Subeki Nonaka N Oku Y Katakura K 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,158(4):288-294
The medicinal plant Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae) is widely distributed throughout Asia where its bitter fruits have been used in traditional medicine for various ailments. Fifteen C-20 quassinoids were isolated from the fruits of B. javanica and examined for their in vitro antitrypanosomal activities against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma evansi. Bruceine A, bruceantinol, bruceine C, brusatol, and bruceine B showed strong antitrypanosomal activities with IC(50) values in the range of 2.9-17.8nM, which compared well with the standard trypanocidal drugs diminazene aceturate (IC(50)=8.8nM) and suramin (IC(50)=43.2nM). However, dehydrobruceine A, dehydrobruceine B, and dehydrobrusatol were about 2100, 900, and 1200 times less active, respectively, than bruceine A, bruceine B, and brusatol. The relationship of the structure and antitrypanosomal activity of these quassinoid compounds suggested that the presence of a diosphenol moiety in ring A and the nature of the C-15 side chain are important for their activities against T. evansi. This is the first report on the antitrypanosomal activity of isolated quassinoids. 相似文献
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A latex agglutination test for detecting Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen in definitive hosts was developed using latex beads sensitized with EmA9 monoclonal antibody raised against somatic antigens of adult E. multilocularis. A primary test (LA 1) was performed on 82 fecal samples of necropsied foxes, of which 46 were infected, and resulted in 61% sensitivity and 86% specificity. To increase the sensitivity, 4 ng/mL of excretory/secretory antigens of adult worms was added to the samples in a secondary test (LA 2), resulting in 91% sensitivity and 61% specificity. The positive predictive value of the LA 1 test and the negative predictive value of the LA 2 test were both 85%. The combination of the LA 1 and LA 2 tests is applicable and practical for use in situations that require quick diagnosis or screening based on the following interpretation: the samples that are positive in the LA 1 test are positive; the samples that are negative in the LA 2 test are negative; and the samples that are negative in the LA 1 test and positive in the LA 2 test are classified as suspicious. 相似文献
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KAZUAKI TADOKORO YUKIMASA ISHIDA NANCY D. DAVIS SHOJI UEYANAGI TAKASHIGE SUGIMOTO 《Fisheries Oceanography》1996,5(2):89-99
The abundance and stomach contents of salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) and the biomass of prey organisms were examined in the central subarctic Pacific and Bering Sea in the summer of 1991 and 1992. Salmonids were caught by surface longline using the same level of fishing effort. Chum (O. keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon were the predominant species, representing 44% and 36% sof the total catch (n = 1275) in 1991. In 1992, chum salmon composed 85% of the total catch (n = 603), but the catch of pink salmon decreased to 1% of the total catch due to the odd/even year fluctuation of Asian pink salmon abundance in the study area. It was found that chum salmon changed their dominant diet from gelatinous zooplankton (pteropods, appendicular-ians, jellyfishes, chaetognaths, polychaetes and unidentified materials) in 1991, when pink salmon were abundant, to a diet of crustaceans (euphausiids, cope-pods, amphipods, ostracods, mysids and decapods) in 1992, when pink salmon were less abundant. Local crustacean biomass (wet weight; mg m-3) had significant negative correlation with the CPUE (catch number per 30 hachi) of pink salmon in 1991 (r = -0.586; P = 0.026) and that of chum salmon in 1992 (r =–0.616; P = 0.014). There may be a limitation in the available prey resource for production of salmonids. 相似文献
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Kamiya M Trinipil Lagapa J Oku Y 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2007,30(5-6):427-448
Echinococcus multilocularis is a fatal zoonotic parasite in the Northern Hemisphere. Recently, it has become endemic in many countries in Asia, especially in the northern island of Hokkaido in Japan. The increasing threat of public health due to alveolar echinococcosis has compelled researches for sensitive diagnosis and effective control. This paper reviews on the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of echinococcosis specifically in Japan. International collaborative responses by researchers and government initiatives such as mandatory reporting system for veterinarians who diagnose echinococcosis in dogs are presented. Successful control measures in Japan using anthelmintic fortified baits for foxes are described. Assessment of prevalence rates during control campaigns is analyzed favoring the use of intravital diagnosis rather than the traditional necropsy method from hunting or trapping activities of wild foxes. The novel concept of “endogenous development” by local resident volunteers towards sustainable control of echinococcosis is stressed. 相似文献
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Anthelmintic (praziquantel) baiting of wild red foxes against Echinococcus multilocularis infection was studied in a highly epizootic suburban area of Otaru, Hokkaido (the northern island of Japan) during the summer and autumn in the years 1999-2004. Acceptance of baits containing the biomarker tetracycline (TC) was evaluated. The prevalence of E. multilocularis infection in foxes before baiting (1999-2000) was 58% (88/153), whereas in the fourth year of bait distribution year (2004), it decreased to 11% (5/45). Analysis of TC marking in the teeth of foxes showed that 39% (77/195) of those captured after baiting were estimated to have consumed baits in the year of capture. Importantly, more juvenile (56%, 49/87) than adult foxes (26%, 28/108) were marked, indicating efficient baiting of juveniles, which tended to have a higher worm burden of E. multilocularis. Of 77 marked foxes, E. multilocularis and Alaria alata (monitored as the second indicator species of deworming) were not detected in 70 (90%) and 76 (99%) foxes, respectively. The results suggest effective deworming by bait consumption. However, it was also demonstrated that 9% of the marked foxes were infected or re-infected after bait consumption, suggesting high infection pressure and the importance of frequent baiting. 相似文献
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Satoshi TSUKAMOTO Taichi HARA Atsushi YAMAMOTO Yuki OHTA Ayako WADA Yuka ISHIDA Seiji KITO Tetsu NISHIKAWA Naojiro MINAMI Ken SATO Toshiaki KOKUBO 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2013,59(1):33-39
Lysosomes are acidic and highly dynamic organelles that are essential for macromolecule
degradation and many other cellular functions. However, little is known about lysosomal
function during early embryogenesis. Here, we found that the number of lysosomes increased
after fertilization. Lysosomes were abundant during mouse preimplantation development
until the morula stage, but their numbers decreased slightly in blastocysts. Consistently,
the protein expression level of mature cathepsins B and D was high from the one-cell to
morula stages but low in the blastocyst stage. One-cell embryos injected with siRNAs
targeted to both lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and 2 (LAMP1 and LAMP2) were
developmentally arrested at the two-cell stage. Pharmacological inhibition of lysosomes
also caused developmental retardation, resulting in accumulation of lipofuscin. Our
findings highlight the functional changes in lysosomes in mouse preimplantation
embryos. 相似文献
17.
Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data collected during routine monitoring surveys of the distribution and abundance of Japanese sardine larvae ( Sardinops melanostictus ) off the Pacific coast of Japan in February 1993 and 1994 were used to construct stationary average flowfields for three levels in the upper 100 m in each year. No large-scale meanders in the path of the Kuroshio Current were present in either year, but the axis of the current was closer to the coast in 1993 than in 1994. The flowfields were used to drive a particle-tracking model representing the dispersal of sardine eggs and larvae. Particles were released in accordance with the observed distribution of eggs, and their positions tracked for up to 40 days. In 1993, the model indicated that ≈ 50% of the egg production was carried north-eastwards out of the survey area into the area of the NW Pacific referred to as the Kuroshio Extension Zone. In contrast, only 5% of the egg production was exported to the Extension Zone in 1994, the remainder being retained in Japanese coastal waters. The consequences of the different dispersal patterns are discussed in relation to subsequent recruitment to the sardine stock. Based on commercial catch data, survival of the 1993 year class was 15% of that for the 1994 class. Hence, the results indicate that export of larvae to the Kuroshio Extension cannot in itself lead to successful recruitment. 相似文献
18.
Shigeo SUGITA Hironori OKI Telhisa HASEGAWA Nobushige ISHIDA 《Journal of Equine Science》2008,19(3):63-66
Estimation formulas for the morbidity of horses infected with equine influenza virus by
linear regression, logistic regression and probit transformation were developed, using
data from the outbreak at the Sha Tin Racing Track in Hong Kong in 1992. Using these
formulas, we estimated the equine influenza virus morbidity rates at training centers
belonging to the Japan Racing Association (JRA) in October 1997 and in October 1998. In
1998 JRA started a new vaccination program, and every horse must now be vaccinated twice
per year. At that time, the vaccine included two US lineage virus strains, the
A/equine/Kentucky/81 strain and the A/equine/La Plata/93 (LP93) strain, against equine
type-2 influenza viruses; it did not include any EU lineage virus strains, such as
A/equine/Suffolk/89 (SF89). Comparing the geometric mean (GM) values of hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) titers between the LP93 strain and the SF89 strain in 1997 and in 1998,
they both rose significantly at every age (p<0.05) by Wilcoxon test. Calculations by
the simulation models show the morbidity rates for LP93 diminished from 0.439 (linear),
0.423 (logistic) and 0.431 (probit) to 0.276 (linear), 0.265 (logistic) and 0.271
(probit), respectively. On the other hand, the estimated morbidity rates for SF89
diminished only slightly from 0.954 (linear), 0.932 (logistic) and 0.944 (probit) to 0.946
(linear), 0.914 (logistic) and 0.927 (probit), respectively. Our simulation models could
estimate the effect of the vaccine on each of the equine virus strains represented by the
morbidity of infected horses. Thus, they are useful for vaccine evaluation. 相似文献
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