Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans     

Bakke-McKellep AM  Koppang EO  Gunnes G  Sanden M  Hemre GI  Landsverk T  Krogdahl A 《Journal of fish diseases》2007,30(2):65-79

The paper reports the second and final part of an experiment aiming to study physiological and health-related effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) type Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) in diets for post-smolt Atlantic salmon. For 3 months salmon were fed diets containing 172 g kg(-1) full-fat SBM from RRS (GM-soy) or an unmodified, non-isogenic line (nGM-soy), or a reference diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source (FM). Slight differences in anti-nutrient levels were observed between the GM and nGM-soy. Histological changes were observed only in the distal intestine of the soy-fed fish. The incidence of moderate inflammation was higher in the GM-soy group (9 of 10 sampled fish) compared with the nGM-soy group (7 of 10). However, no differences in the concomitant decreases in activities of digestive enzymes located in the brush border (leucine aminopeptidase and maltase) and apical cytoplasm (acid phosphatase) of enterocytes or in the number of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells, lysozyme activity, or total IgM of the distal intestine were observed. GM compared with nGM-soy fed fish had higher head kidney lysozyme (11,856 vs. 10,456 units g(-1) tissue) and a tendency towards higher acid phosphatase (0.45 vs. 0.39 micromol h(-1) kg(-1) body mass in whole tissue) activities, respectively. Plasma insulin and thyroxin levels, and hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were not significantly affected. It is not possible, however, to conclude whether the differences in responses to GM-soy were due to the genetic modification or to differences in soy cultivars in the soy-containing diets. Results from studies using non-modified, parental line soybeans as the control group are necessary to evaluate whether genetic modification of soybeans in diets poses any risk to farmed Atlantic salmon.  相似文献   

Is the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) two species? Genetic analysis reveals within‐species divergence associated with plain and spotted morphotype frequencies          下载免费PDF全文

María QUINTELA  Elin Annie DANIELSEN  Lua LOPEZ  Rodolfo BARREIRO  Terje SVÅSAND  Halvor KNUTSEN  Anne Berit SKIFTESVIK  Kevin A. GLOVER 《Integrative zoology》2016,11(2):162-172

The ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) is a marine fish belonging to the family Labridae characterized by 2 main morphotypes that occur in sympatry: spotty and plain. Previous studies have revealed differences in their life‐history traits, such as growth and maturation; however, the genetic relationship between forms is presently unknown. Using 20 recently developed microsatellite markers, we conducted a genetic analysis of 41 and 48 spotty and plain ballan wrasse collected in Galicia (northwest Spain). The 2 morphotypes displayed highly significant genetic differences to each other (F_ST = 0.018, P < 0.0001). A similar degree of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.025, P < 0.0001) was shown using the STRUCTURE clustering approach with no priors at K = 2. In this case, the frequency of spotty and plain morphotypes was significantly different (χ² = 9.46, P = 0.002). It is concluded that there is significant genetic heterogeneity within this species, which appears to be highly associated with the spotty and plain forms, but not completely explained by them. Given the previously demonstrated biological differences between morphotypes, and the present genetic analyses, we speculate about the convenience of a taxonomic re‐evaluation of this species.  相似文献   

Effect of landscape and population variables on immune response in experimentally introduced bush-cricket populations     

Åsa Berggren 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(6):749-757

Despite the growing interest in relationships between ecological variables and individual immune function, few empirical data have been available from wild populations. In this study, I assayed the immune response from 370 wild-caught bush-crickets, Metrioptera roeseli, from 20 experimentally introduced populations, by measuring individual encapsulation responses to a surgically implanted nylon monofilament. Bush-crickets descended from populations introduced into larger habitat patches showed a greater immune response when compared to individuals from smaller habitat-area introductions. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between immune response and the amount of linear elements at the introduction site. However, there was a lack of effect of population variables (i.e., propagule size and rate of population growth) on immune response. These results suggest that large-scale environmental parameters, such as patch size and connectivity, can be important for an individual’s physiological health and its ability to defend against disease-causing agents. Such effects are likely to compound the negative impacts associated with isolation of sub-populations and habitat fragmentation.  相似文献   

Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Svihus B  Juvik E  Hetland H  Krogdahl A 《British poultry science》2004,45(1):55-60

1. Two experiments were conducted with broiler chicks to compare nutritive values of ground and whole wheat diets containing titanium oxide as indigestible marker. 2. In Experiment 1, a wheat and soy isolate based cold-pelleted diet, in which all the wheat was ground in a hammer mill to pass through a 3 mm sieve, was compared with a diet in which about half (375 g/kg) of the ground wheat was taken out of the diet and supplied as whole wheat mixed into the diet after pelleting. 3. In Experiment 2, a diet based on ground wheat and soy isolate which was pelleted after preconditioning (final temperature 81 degrees C) was compared with a diet in which 500 g of the ground wheat was replaced by whole wheat mixed into the diet before pelleting. 4. In Experiment 1, replacement of ground wheat with whole wheat increased apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content and starch digestibility measured at ileal as well as faecal level, while weight gain and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were not affected. Jejunal chyme showed increased amylase activity and bile salt concentration. 5. In Experiment 2, replacement of ground wheat with whole wheat increased dry matter content as well as bile content of gizzard, and stimulated an increase in gizzard as well as pancreas weight. Jejunal amylase and bile concentrations were not significantly affected and neither were growth, FCE or AME. 6. Results from this experiment indicate that the improved feed value sometimes observed with whole wheat may be associated with modulation of digestive processes resulting in increased pancreas and liver secretions.  相似文献   

Product quality deficiencies in the prefabrication industry for single-family houses     

Åsa Gustafsson  Lars Eliasson 《Wood material science & engineering》2014,9(1):1-11

In the industry for the prefabrication of single-family houses, previous research had indicated that individual companies have problems in securing the product quality of incoming softwood timber. This implies that they need to carry out a quality inspection and adjust the softwood timber when it arrives at their facility in order to fit their production. Opinions within the industry concerning product quality deficiencies differ with regard to the handling procedures and the percentage of perceived deficiencies. However, there are prefabricators of single-family houses that need to find additional areas for use for their purchased softwood timber, and spend several working hours on softwood timber to meet the quality criteria agreed upon. A previous study by Eliasson and Gustafsson puts forward a number of proposals regarding the quality deficiencies of softwood timber in this context. The present work transforms some of these proposals into hypotheses and aims at describing and understanding what affects the perception of product quality deficiencies. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The paper concludes that the purchase volume is indicated to be related to the volume portion of the deficiency in the product quality and that the level of information- and communication-technology support in production (i.e. the degree of automation) is indicated to be related to the inspection activity point. An extension of the proposed hypotheses concludes that the inspection activity point on arrival and/or on delivery into production also affects how companies do perceive product quality deficiencies. Research regarding what affects product quality deficiencies is lacking in recognizing and knowing what is aligned with the perception of product quality deficiencies; the individual companies will have an opportunity to affect and manage their appearance and thereby enhance the use of softwood timber.  相似文献   

Recent changes in the deposition of heavy metals in northern Europe     

Åke Rühling  Germund Tyler 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,22(2):173-180

Carpet-forming bryophytes (mosses) have been used extensively since the late 1960's in assessing regional and temporal variability of atmospheric heavy-metal deposition. A large-scale decrease in heavy-metal deposition occurred during the 1970's in Sweden, probably also in other parts of northern Europe. The decrease was closely related to known changes in atmospheric emissions.  相似文献   

Mercury in forest canopy throughfall water and its relation to atmospheric deposition     

Åke Iverfeldt 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,56(1):553-564

A seasonal variation of both particle and gaseous Hg concentrations in the atmosphere is present in south-western Sweden. An average gaseous Hg level of 3.7 ng m⁻³ is found in winter, compared to 2.8 ng m⁻³ in summer. A weak decreasing south-north gradient for gaseous Hg in air over the Nordic countries is also present, with yearly average values from 3.2 to 2.8 ng m⁻³. A gradient for particulate Hg is less clear. An air parcel trajectory sector classification of gaseous Hg levels in air, and to some extent the particulate associated Hg, clearly demonstrates the increased concentrations in the southern sectors, especially in south-western Sweden where the gaseous Hg increase is about I ng m⁻³. These observations are consistent with an influence from the European continent. The average concentrations of Hg in precipitation at the various stations show a pronounced decreasing south-north gradient. A major portion of the total Hg present in precipitation is associated with particles. For the southern stations, a strong correlation between Hg and sulfate, or pH, is present suggesting a connection between Hg in precipitation and anthropogenic activities.  相似文献   

Acid reign '95? — Conference summary statement     

H. Rodhe  P. Grennfelt  J. Wisniewski  C. Ågren  G. Bengtsson  K. Johansson  P. Kauppi  V. Kucera  L. Rasmussen  B. Rosseland  L. Schotte  G. Selldén 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(1):1-14

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Swedish land-races of red clover     

Sven Bingefors  Erik Åkerberg 《Euphytica》1961,10(2):147-151

The collection of Swedish local red clover strains, owned by the Swedish Seed Growers' Association, may serve as an attempt to organize a gene bank for land-races of red clover in Northern Europe. From all 43 strains seed is available and it is hoped that seed of satisfactory germination capacity can be kept available for the future. It may be obtained for research purposes in samples of not larger than 100 grams from the Swedish Seed Association, Uppsala 1, Sweden.  相似文献   

Alcohol-soluble components in soybeans cause morphological changes in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.     

T S G A M van den  Ingh J J Olli  Å Krogdahl 《Journal of fish diseases》1996,19(1):47-53

Standard soybean meal, heat treated to differing degrees and containing varying levels of soybean lectin and trypsin inhibitor, was used to study the effect of soybean-containing diets on the morphology of the distal intestine in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. A reference diet based on fish meal and a fish meal diet mixed with an alcohol extract of soybean meal were used. The fish (145 g) were kept in 27 m³ net pens (200 fish per pen) in sea water with an average temperature of 11 °C for 12 weeks. Whereas a normal morphology of the distal intestine was seen in the fish fed the reference diet, all soybean diets caused alterations in the distal intestine irrespective of heat treatment. Similar changes were observed with the diet which had added alcohol solubles. It is concluded that alcohol-soluble components in the soybeans are responsible for the observed changes. It cannot be determined which of the soybean antinutrients is causing the alterations from the present study. Oligosaccharides and saponines are possible candidates. However, the possibility that unknown antinutrients are affecting the salmon intestine should not be overlooked.  相似文献