Development and transmission of psoroptic mange of cattle in feed lots in endemic and non-endemic regions     

F S Guillot  N A Cole 《Veterinary parasitology》1984,16(1-2):127-135

A test was begun in November 1982 to evaluate the development of Psoroptes ovis, the severity of psoroptic mange of cattle, and the incidence of transfer of P. ovis from artificially infested cattle to non-infested cattle held in feed lots in either an endemic (Bushland, TX) or non-endemic region (Kerrville, TX). The 2 herds each consisted of 24 Hereford steers. The 24 steers were randomly assigned to 3 pens of 8 steers per pen. Two steers from each pen that were randomly selected were artificially exposed to ca. 1000 P. ovis (AINF). The development of mange on these 6 AINF steers and the incidence of transfer to the other steers (INF) were monitored approximately every 3 weeks for 17 weeks. The 6 AINF steers at Bushland (endemic region) developed significantly more lesions than the 6 AINF steers at Kerrville. Three AINF steers in Bushland died from hypothermia and mange while no deaths were recorded at Kerrville. The numbers of mites sampled from affected skin areas of AINF steers from both regions were not significantly different. All 18 of the naturally exposed steers (INF) in Bushland contracted mange; whereas, only 9 INF steers in Kerrville did. The severity (% lesions) and number of mites per sample from affected skin were significantly greater on the INF steers in Bushland. These differences among INF steers in Bushland and Kerrville may be attributed to the higher level of parasitism attained in Bushland on the AINF steers. We propose that the extremely cold weather in Bushland contributed to the greater level of parasitism attained on AINF steers in Bushland by stressing the host steers.  相似文献   

Botrytis cinerea Infection of Grape Flowers: Light and Electron Microscopical Studies of Infection Sites     

Viret O  Keller M  Jaudzems VG  Cole FM 《Phytopathology》2004,94(8):850-857

ABSTRACT Specific floral organs including the calyptra, stigma, and receptacle area of glasshouse-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of Botrytis cinerea conidia, and the initial steps involved in colonization and infection of the host tissues were studied for several days postinoculation using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Conidia germinated on all floral organs examined and became attached to the host surface within 48 h after inoculation. However, in all cases the vast majority of conidia accumulated in a channel-like gap between the ovary and the calyx that extended in a narrowing fashion into the flower interior where the ovary joined the receptacle. Very few conidial germ tubes were detected in the style following inoculation of the stigma, and no evidence for their growth toward the ovaries could be found. In contrast, hyphae were more abundant in the receptacle area, regardless of the site of inoculation. Tips of the calyx became necrotic and mycelium formed in the gap between ovary and calyx within 72 h following inoculation, providing a major point of colonization and infection. B. cinerea colonized dehiscent calyptras within 72 h of inoculation, providing a potential source of inoculum from calyptras that remained stuck in the cluster. The results suggest that the grape flower's receptacle area is the predominant site of infection for B. cinerea, although a minor portion of infections may also occur through the stigma and style.  相似文献   

Physiological responses in swine treated with water containing sodium bicarbonate as a prophylactic for gastric ulcers     

Cole JT  Argenzio RA  Eisemann JH 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(9):2757-2763

Maintenance of gastric pH above 4.0 aids the prevention of bile acid-mediated ulcerative damage to the pars esophageal tissue in pigs. One means of doing so is the addition of buffering compounds, such as sodium bicarbonate, to the water supply; however, any potential physiological effect of buffer consumption has yet to be determined. Experiment 1 tested the acute effects of buffer addition to the water supply on systemic acid-base and electrolyte balance in swine (BW 40.7 +/- 3.0 kg). Consumption of water calculated to a 200 mOsm solution with sodium bicarbonate for 24 h increased (P < 0.05) blood Na+, HCO3(-), and pCO2, although these effects were all within physiologically tolerable levels. Urine pH and Na+ excretion increased (P < 0.001) following the consumption of NaHCO3, with Na+ concentration almost threefold higher in treated pigs compared with controls. Experiment 2 determined the chronic systemic effects of buffer consumption by measuring blood and urine variables, with pigs consuming NaHCO3-treated water throughout. Water consumption increased (P < 0.001) during buffer consumption, although intake levels remained within normal ranges. Blood pH levels were not affected by long-term consumption of dietary buffer; however, blood HCO3(-) (P < 0.05), Na+, and pCO2 (P < 0.01) increased. Urine pH and urine Na+ concentration increased (P < 0.01) in buffer-treated compared with control animals. Results indicate that sodium bicarbonate can safely be added to the water supply for pigs, with no clinically relevant alterations in acid-base balance because the animals readily compensate for buffer intake.  相似文献   

Ear cleaning: the UK and US perspective     

Nuttall T  Cole LK 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(2):127-136

Ear cleaning helps maintain the normal otic environment and is important in the treatment of otitis. Over cleaning, however, may trigger otitis through maceration of the epidermal lining. Simple manual cleaning is useful for routine cleansing but doesn't remove tightly adherent debris. Bulb syringes are more vigorous but may damage the ear in inexperienced hands. Devices using mains water pressure or dental machines are also available. Thorough cleaning of the ear canals and middle ear cavity can only be achieved by retrograde flushing using specially adapted catheters, feeding tubes or video otoscopes under anaesthesia. Myringotomy, inspection and cleaning of the middle should be performed if the tympanic membrane appears abnormal. There are a wide variety of cleaning fluids available. Ceruminolytics soften and dissolve cerumen to facilitate cleaning. Surfactants emulsify debris, breaking it up and keeping it in solution. Astringents dry the ear canal surface, preventing maceration. Maintaining a low pH and incorporating antimicrobial agents can inhibit microbial proliferation and glucocorticoids can be used to reduce inflammation. Adverse effects and contraindications following ear cleaning can include maceration, contact reactions, otitis media, ear canal avulsion, vestibular syndrome, Horner's syndrome, facial nerve paralysis and deafness. Care should be exercised in selecting cleaning fluids if the tympanic membranes are ruptured.  相似文献   

Development of treated targets for controlling stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae)     

Foil LD  Younger CD 《Veterinary parasitology》2006,137(3-4):311-315

Electrocution techniques were used to determine if treated targets similar to those used for tsetse control could be developed for stable fly control. In a series of two experiments, a half blue and half black (UK) 1 m2 target constructed of trigger cotton poplin was determined to be acceptable for development studies. In the first experiment, an average of 350 stable flies per hour (maximum 794 flies in 1 h) was collected using the UK target. A time-delayed circuit trial using untreated UK targets demonstrated that stable flies remained on or around the targets for at least 30 s. Two experiments were conducted with time-delayed circuits and UK targets treated with 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. In the first experiment, the number of flies collected using the 30 s on/off treated target treatment was not different from the number of flies collected using the other treatments. In the second experiment, the number of flies collected using the 30 s on/off treated target treatment was not different than the untreated target continuous or 30 s on/off treatments, but was significantly lower than the treated target continuous treatment. The number of flies collected with UK trigger targets was significantly higher than that for alsynite cylinder traps in two experiments. The mean number of flies collected during 22 1h assays using targets was 6.1-fold higher than that for alsynite traps, and the mean number of flies collected during 40 3 h using the targets also was 6.1-fold higher than that for alsynite traps. The results of this study indicate that treated cloth targets may be a viable addition for stable fly control programs.  相似文献   

Seatbelt use during tractor overturns     

Myers ML  Cole HP  Westneat SC 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2006,12(1):43-49

In 2002, the Kentucky Farm Tractor Overturn Survey was administered, in which 6,063 randomly selected farm operators responded to questions that addressed the presence and use of seatbelts in the event of a tractor overturn. Data were analyzed to determine the proportion of seatbelt presence and use on tractors that overturned differentiated by whether they were equipped or not equipped with a rollover protective structure (ROPS). In 537 overturns reported for which the ROPS status was known, 92 involved ROPS-equipped tractors, of which 60 had a functioning seatbelt, and 19 operators of these tractors used the seatbelt that was present during the overturn. However, of the 445 overturns of non-ROPS tractors, eight had a functioning seatbelt, and three of these operators wore the seatbelt. Two of the three operators that wore seatbelts on non-ROPS tractors suffered a permanent disability. In contrast, of the 19 operators who wore a seatbelt on ROPS-equipped tractors, 18 experienced no or minor injuries, and one required outpatient care. Seatbelts are known to save lives but are a secondary safety device to ROPS, for ROPS alone saves lives and is a necessary pre-condition for seatbelt presence and use.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite after oral and intravenous administration of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses     

Liska DA  Akucewich LH  Marsella R  Maxwell LK  Barbara JE  Cole CA 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(9):1621-1627

OBJECTIVE: To determine serum pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite in horses after administration of a single IV dose and after single and multiple oral doses. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES: A crossover study design was used with a washout period of 6 days between treatments. Treatments were IV administration of a single dose of pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg) and oral administration of generic sustained-release pentoxifylline (10 mg/kg, q 12 h, for 8 days). Blood samples were collected 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after IV administration. For oral administration, blood samples were collected 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after the first dose and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the last dose. RESULTS: Elimination of pentoxifylline was rapid after IV administration. After oral administration, pentoxifylline was rapidly absorbed and variably eliminated. Higher serum concentrations of pentoxifylline and apparent bioavailability were observed after oral administration of the first dose, compared with values after administration of the last dose on day 8 of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses, oral administration of 10 mg of pentoxifylline/kg results in serum concentrations equivalent to those observed for therapeutic doses of pentoxifylline in humans. Twice daily administration appears to be appropriate. However, serum concentrations of pentoxifylline appear to decrease with repeated dosing; thus, practitioners may consider increasing the dosage if clinical response diminishes with repeated administration.  相似文献   

Risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease: 26 cases (2000-2003)     

Groover ES  Woolums AR  Cole DJ  LeRoy BE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,228(4):572-577

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with renal insufficiency in colic- or colitis-affected horses with high serum creatinine (SCr) concentrations evaluated at a referral hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 167 colic- or colitis-affected horses (88 represented a random sample [hospital population], and 79 had high SCr concentration at initial evaluation [study population]). PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed. Data collected included signalment; physical examination, clinicopathologic, and diagnostic findings; and outcome. The study population was categorized on the basis of whether SCr concentration did (AR group; n = 53) or did not (PA group; 26) normalize within 72 hours of fluid therapy. Characteristics of the study and hospital populations were compared. RESULTS: Males and Quarter Horses were significantly overrepresented in the study population. Compared with the hospital population, study-population horses were significantly more likely to have colitis, gastric reflux, and diarrhea at initial evaluation. Initial mean SCr concentration in the PA group was significantly higher than the AR group; identification of gastric reflux, abnormal rectal examination findings, and hypochloremia were significantly associated with persistent azotemia after 72 hours of fluid therapy. Compared with the AR group, PA group horses were 3 times as likely to die or be euthanized. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In colic- or colitis-affected horses, factors associated with renal insufficiency included gastric reflux, abnormal rectal examination findings, or hypochloremia initially; prognosis for horses in which azotemia resolves within 72 hours of treatment appears to be better than for horses with persistent azotemia.  相似文献   

Market Information on Sourcing Cellulosic Feedstock for Biofuel Production in Northern Plains Region of the United States     

Thein A. Maung  Cole R. Gustafson  David M. Saxowsky  Tatjana Miljkovic  John F. Nowatzki 《农业科学与技术》2012,(1):10-23

  相似文献   

In this issue – June 2012     

AE Jackson 《Australian veterinary journal》2012,90(6):199-200

Assay to measure success of functional parathyroid excision · Palliative radiation therapy for malignant trichoepithelioma · Idiopathic haemarthrosis in horses · Fatal snail bait poisoning in a horse · Utility of diagnostic tests for Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia in pigs · Iodine deficiency disorders in sheep · Immobilisation of estuarine crocodiles  相似文献