Vaccines against Aujeszky's disease: Evaluation of their efficacy under standardized laboratory conditions     

P. W. de Leeuw  J. T. van Oirschot 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):191-197

Summary

A standardized test was developed to compare the efficacy of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) vaccines under laboratory conditions. Per test 3 groups of 6 to 8 sero‐negative pigs were used. The first vaccination was done at 10 weeks of age. One group was vaccinated once, another was vaccinated twice and the 3rd served as control. Pigs were challenge exposed to the virulent NIA‐3 strain of ADV 12 weeks after the first vaccination. Apart from mortality, average periods of growth arrest, fever and virus shedding after challenge were used as parameters to evaluate vaccine efficacy.

Two inactivated and 4 attenuated vaccines were tested. Two attenuated vaccine viruses were excreted after vaccination. Despite maximal standardization, a considerable variation still existed between the experiments in mortality and growth arrest periods of control pigs after challenge. However, the controls were always more severely affected than the vaccinated pigs. All vaccines except one were effective in preventing death after challenge, but none conferred complete protection. Most vaccinated pigs still lost weight, developed fever and shed virus after challenge. Revaccination after 3 or 4 weeks had little effect, particularly with the attenuated vaccines. The results of the present study indicate that 2 of the attenuated vaccines conferred the best protection, I attenuated vaccine appeared to be as effective as the 2 inactivated ones, and the 4th attenuated vaccine was least effective.  相似文献   

Dynamics in the membrane organization of the mammalian sperm cell and functionality in fertilization     

B.M. Gadella  F.M. Flesch  L.M.G. van Golde  B. Colenbrander 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(4):142-146

Summary

The capacitation process of sperm cells involves complex changes in the composition and orientation of molecules at the surface of the sperm cell. Here we focus on the lipid architecture in the sperm plasma membrane and demonstrate that the sperm plasma membrane is not static but is an extremely dynamic structure. Advanced fluoroscopic techniques enabled continuous monitoring of lipid organization in living cells and extremely rapid lipid movements were observed. The orientation of lipids in the sperm plasma membrane changed under capacitative treatments, was found to be sensitive for temperature and also changed upon binding of sperm cells to the zona pellucida. The changes in membrane properties coincided with an activation of protein kinases resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of specific plasma membrane proteins. The detected membrane changes relate to intrinsic membrane properties such as fluidity, permeability, adhesiveness and fusibility. We think that these results may provide a physiological basis for new assays, able to discriminate between functional and non‐physiological sperm cells.  相似文献   

Arthroscopy of the canine stifle     

M. A. van Gestel 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(3):237-239

Summary

Athroscopy is presented as a safe, non‐invasive diagnostic technique in dogs with knee‐joint lesions. Equipment, procedure, and indications are briefly described. Advantages and disadvantages are summarized.  相似文献   

Accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis and prediction of foetal numbers in sheep with linear‐array real‐time ultrasound scanning     

M. A. M. Taverne  M. C. Lavoir  R. van Oord  G. C. van der Weyden 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(4):256-263

Summary

Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in sheep by means of transabdominal linear‐array real‐time ultrasound scanning. Animals were restrained standing, and the transducer was placed on the hairless area of the ventral abdominal wall just in front of the udder.

Of a total of 818 tests, 724 were performed between days 29 and 89 of pregnancy, 598 animals subsequently lambed and 126 were non‐lambing animals. Only 8 of these tests were wrong: 3 false positive and 5 false negative diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive‐ and negative predictive values for these tests were 99.2%, 97.6%, 99.5%, and 96% respectively. There was evidence to indicate that the three false positive tests were caused by foetal mortality or unobserved abortions that took place after testing. Only 2 of the 5 false negative tests were carried out after day 39 of gestation. Counting of foetal numbers (1, 2 or 3) was performed in only some animals (n = 210) between days 45 and 77 of gestation. Three groups of animals (A: 89 ewes; B. 27 PMSG‐treated ewes; C: 94 ewes) were analyzed separately. Overall accuracy of all predictions was 83.1%, 37.0% and 78.7% for the 3 groups respectively. Animals in group B produced only 3 or more lambs. Sensitivity of the countings of singles, twins and triplets or more were 90.4%, 90.4% and 50% respectively for the animals from group A and 91.9%, 86% and 21.4% for the animals from group C. When only two categories (1 and ≥ 2) were used these figures were 90.4% (1) and 94. 1% (≥2) for animals from group A and 91.9% (1) and 89.5% (≥ 2) for animals from group C.

It was concluded that linear‐array real‐time ultrasound scanning by the transabdominal route is a reliable method for (early) pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. In addition the technique enables a fairly accurate separation of ewes carrying a single lamb from as early as 40–70 days after mating.  相似文献   

Where to go?     

Dr Marianne Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2)

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Surgery: Comparison of three closure methods and two absorbable suture materials for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions in healthy dogs     

J. Kirpensteijn  R.J. Maarschalkerweerd  I. van der Gaag  H.S. Kooistra  F.J. van Sluijs 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):67-70

Summary

The macroscopic and histological appearance of jejunal antimesenteric incisions approximated with two different absorbable suture materials (monofilament versus multifilament) and three closure techniques (appositional single layer, crushing single layer, and double layer) were compared in healthy dogs at 14 or 28 days, postoperatively. No significant differences between the two suture materials were observed for most of the macroscopic or histological variables. However, the monofilament suture material caused significantly more fibrous tissue reaction in the muscular layer of the jejunum than did the multifilament suture material. Of the three enterotomy closure techniques used in this study, the appositional single‐layer method proved to be the best. The double‐layer closure method caused a significant decrease in the incisional circumference, the relative circumference, and volume of the jejunum, and a significant increase in jejunal wall thickness. Our findings suggest that canine jejunal enterotomy incisions can be closed using an appositional suture pattern with relatively rapidly absorbable monofilament suture material. The use of double‐layer suture patterns for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions should be avoided because the size of the intestinal lumen may be reduced.  相似文献   

Multiple endocrine neoplasias in a dog: Corticotrophic tumour,bilateral adrenocortical tumours,and pheochromocytoma     

J. Thuróczy  F.J. van Sluijs  H.S. Kooistra  G. Voorhout  J.A. Mol  J.S. van der Linde‐Sipman 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):56-61

Summary

In a 10‐year‐old ovariohysterectomized standard Schnauzer, the finding of dexamethasone‐resistant hypersecretion of cortisol, the results of computed tomography, and elevated plasma concentrations of ACTH suggested the presence of both adrenocortical tumour and pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The dog made an uneventful recovery after bilateral adrenalectomy and remained in good health for 31/2 years with substitution for the induced hypoadrenocorticism. Then the enlarged pituitary caused neurological signs and eventually euthanasia was performed. The surgically excised right adrenal contained a well‐circumscribed tumour of differentiated adrenocortical tissue and in the left adrenal there were two adrenocortical tumours and a pheochromocytoma. The unaffected parts of the adrenal cortices were well developed and without regressive transformation. At necropsy there were no metastatic lesions. The cells of the pituitary tumour were immunopositive for ACTH and had characteristics of malignancy.

The present combination of corticotrophic tumour, adrenocortical tumours, and pheochromocytoma may be called ‘multiple endocrine neoplasia’ (MEN), but does not correspond to the inherited combinations of diseases known in humans as the MEN‐1 and the MEN‐2 syndromes. It is suggested that the co‐existence of hyperadrenocorticism and pheochromocytoma may be related to the vascular supply of the adrenals. Some chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are directly exposed to cortical venous blood, and intra‐adrenal cortisol is known to stimulate catecholamine synthesis and may promote adrenal medullary hyperplasia or neoplasia.  相似文献   

Rapid NK-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus M41     

L. Vervelde  M.G.R. Matthijs  D.A. van Haarlem  J.J. de Wit  C.A. Jansen 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2013,151(3-4):337-341

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and play an important role in the early defence against viruses. In this study we focussed on NK cell and interferon (IFN) responses after infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Based on surface expression of CD107+, enhanced activation of lung NK cells was observed at 1 dpi, whereas in blood prolonged NK-cell activation was found. IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA and proteins were not rapidly induced whereas IFN-γ production in lung, measured by Elispot assay, increased over time at 2 and 4 dpi. In contrast, IFN-γ production in blood was highest at 1 dpi and decreased over time down to levels comparable to uninfected birds at 4 dpi. Collectively, infection with IBV-M41 resulted in activation of NK cells in the lung and blood and rapid production of IFN-γ and not IFN-α and IFN-β compared to uninfected birds.  相似文献   

Aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in the Friesian horse: Characterisation of the clinical and gross post mortem findings in 24 cases     

M. PLOEG  V. SAEY  C. M. de BRUIJN  A. GRÖNE  K. CHIERS  G. van LOON  R. DUCATELLE  P. R. van WEEREN  W. BACK  C. DELESALLE 《Equine veterinary journal》2013,45(1):101-106

Reasons for performing study: In horses, aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysms or tears in the aortic root are well‐recognised conditions in breeding stallions, often leading to sudden death. A more uncommon form of aortic rupture, located proximal to the ligamentum arteriosum has been reported in 3 Friesian horses. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to phenotypically characterise aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in Friesian horses in terms of clinical and post mortem data based on 24 cases. Methods: Friesian horses that were diagnosed with aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation over a period of 13 years (1997–2010) at the Department of Equine Sciences of Utrecht University (n = 15) and Wolvega Equine Hospital (n = 9), were included in this study. Case history, results of clinical examination and gross post mortem findings were screened and analysed. Results: Some cases were found dead without prior symptoms, but in several cases signs such as recurrent colic, peripheral oedema and sustained tachycardia were present for several weeks prior to cardiac failure. Clinical examination during hospitalisation revealed increased rectal temperature, peripheral oedema and increased jugular pulse with a bounding arterial pulse. In the majority of horses an aortic rupture of the aortic arch near the ligamentum arteriosum, concurrent with a circumferential cuff of perivascular haemorrhage and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation, was found at post mortem examination. Conclusions: Aorto‐pulmonary fistulation in conjunction with aortic rupture is more common in Friesians than previously estimated. In some cases findings demonstrate a progressive pathology rather than acute cardiac failure and sudden death. An appropriate approach is necessary during post mortem examination of the heart in order not to overlook the diagnosis. Potential relevance: Equine practitioners should realise that in Friesian horses presented with a history of recurrent false colic, coughing, sustained tachycardia and/or peripheral oedema, aortic rupture and aorto‐pulmonary fistulation should be included in the differential diagnosis.  相似文献   

Two‐dimensional speckle tracking for quantification of left ventricular circumferential and radial wall motion in horses     

A. DECLOEDT  T. VERHEYEN  S. SYS  D. De CLERCQ  G. van LOON 《Equine veterinary journal》2013,45(1):47-55

Reasons for performing study: The use of two‐dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) for quantification of left ventricular (LV) function has recently been described in horses using long‐axis images and short‐axis images at chordal but not at papillary muscle level. Objectives: To compare the feasibility and reliability of 2DST for quantification of circumferential and radial LV function in short‐axis images at papillary muscle and chordal level. Methods: Repeated echocardiographic examinations were performed on 10 healthy trotter horses by 2 observers from a right parasternal short‐axis view at papillary muscle and chordal level. Segmental and averaged peak values and timing of circumferential and radial strain and strain rate, radial displacement and rotation were measured in 6 LV wall segments in each imaging plane. Global peak values were calculated for circumferential strain and strain rate. The inter‐ and intraobserver within‐ and between‐day variability was assessed by calculating coefficients of variation for repeated measurements. Results: 2DST analysis was feasible in each cardiac cycle, although tracking was often inadequate during early diastole. Measurements of averaged systolic circumferential and radial strain and strain rate and radial displacement as well as global circumferential strain and strain rate could be determined with low variability. Early and late diastolic strain rate and systolic rotation showed a moderate variability. Radial segmental measurements were more reliable than circumferential measurements. The interventricular septum showed a higher circumferential and lower radial strain compared with the LV free wall. Peak timing was earlier at papillary muscle compared with chordal level. Conclusions: 2DST measurements of global and regional circumferential and radial LV wall motion are feasible both at papillary muscle and chordal level. Potential relevance: Several measurements had good reliability and should be used for evaluation of the technique in a clinical setting.  相似文献