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51.
An argument is presented by which the role of pharmaceuticals and pesticides can both be viewed in terms of contributing to human health. Comparisons are made in terms of discovery and development, regulatory policies and environmental and human impacts. Both technologies target particular biological functions, and in many cases they target similar molecular sites of action. Pharmaceuticals and pesticides undergo a similar registration process; however, both can enter the environment where they can have adverse effects on non-target organisms and, if misused, will have detrimental effects on human health or the environment. It is suggested that the risks associated with the two technologies are similar. The rejection of pesticides by the general public is based primarily on personal value systems and the uncertainty of risk management. It is concluded that plant and animal health are vital to maintaining human health, and that pesticides used in food production are, as with pharmaceuticals, a vital tool used to maintain human health. 相似文献
52.
MP Viudes-de-Castro I Salvador F Marco-Jiménez EA Gómez MA Silvestre 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(4):576-579
The site where the semen is deposited appears to be one of the most important factors affecting pregnancy of inseminated goats. In Murciano–Granadina (MG) goats, post-cervical insemination is achieved in a limited number of females. An effective way to increase fertility rate could be by increasing post-cervical inseminations. Effect of exogenous oxytocin application to facilitate the cervical penetration and its effect on kidding rate and prolificacy in MG goats were investigated. Oestrus was synchronized using progesterone-impregnated sponges for 11 days. Females were randomly divided into three groups (n = 190) and received either an i.v. injection of 100 or 200 IU of oxytocin or saline solution 15 min before being inseminated. Data on semen deposition depth were recorded for each animal using a catheter scaled in centimetres (up to 4 cm). Depth of semen deposition was affected by the oxytocin treatment (p < 0.05). Oxytocin enhanced cervical passage only with the dose of 200 IU compared with the control group, increasing the deposition depth (2.9 cm vs 1.9 cm). No significant effect of oxytocin treatment on kidding rate and prolificacy was detected. Depth of semen deposition affected kidding rate (p < 0.01). In conclusion, oxytocin treatment improved the depth of semen deposition in AI of MG goats, but kidding rate and prolificacy was not affected. More studies must be conducted to assess the minimal effective dose required for sufficient cervical dilation, and to determine the effects of such doses of oxytocin on uterine motility, sperm transport and fertility in goats. 相似文献
53.
54.
LC Padilha PPM Teixeira EA Pires‐Buttler M Apparício TF Motheo PAP Savi EYO Nakaghi AE Alves WRR Vicente 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(2):243-248
The success of embryo production in vitro depends upon the use of an efficient oocyte retrieval technique, and the best results have been obtained by laparoscopic aspiration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consecutive sessions of follicular aspiration on the quantity, quality and in vitro maturation competence of oocytes obtained from ewes subjected to hormonal stimulation. Six Santa Ines ewes underwent nine sessions of follicular aspiration by laparoscopy with a 7‐day interval between sessions, totalling 56 aspirations. After 24 h of culture, oocytes were stained and classified according to the stage of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Oocyte retrieval rate was 61.4 ± 2%, resulting in a total of 249 oocytes. No significant variation was observed between sessions (p > 0.05). The average number of oocytes retrieved from each ewe was 6.4 ± 2 per session and 42 ± 4 in total. No significant difference was observed between the frequencies of the different stages of nuclear maturation: 32.72% mature, 40.74% immature and 26.54% degenerated/indeterminate oocytes; however, a significant difference was observed between the frequencies of the different stages of cytoplasmic maturation: 10.7% mature, 73.25% immature and 16.05% degenerated/indeterminate oocytes. No significant difference was observed in nuclear or cytoplasmic maturation between the weeks of procedure. We conclude that after nine consecutive sessions of follicular aspiration, the quantity and quality of retrieved oocytes remained unchanged as well as the levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation obtained, demonstrating the viability of this technique for repetitive follicular aspirations on the same donor. 相似文献
55.
M Atef A Ramadan N A Afifi S A Youssef 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,97(8):324-327
Cefotaxime was once administered in goats via intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for determination of blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated two compartments open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed lower values i.e. 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The lower apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats than one liter/kg elucidated lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration. 相似文献
56.
GL Carroll SM Hartsfield TM Champney SC Geller EA Martinez EL Haley 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):118-118
Six 3‐year‐old goats (three males and three females) weighing 60.0 ± 18 kg (mean ± SD) were used to investigate the effect of medetomidine (MED; 20 µg kg?1 IV) and its antagonism with atipamezole (ATI; 100 µg kg?1 IV) on physiologic responses (heart rate (HR; beats minute?1), respiratory rate (RR; breaths minute?1), electrocardiogram (ECG), rectal temperature (T; °C), blood pressure (oscillometric; mm Hg), sedation (SED), posture (REC), analgesia (ALG), and stress‐related hormonal and metabolic responses (epinephrine and norepinephrine (high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection), cortisol (COR; µg dL?1; radioimmunoassay), glucose (GLU; mg mL?1; enzymatic colorimetric assay), and free fatty acids (modified enzymatic colorimetric assay)); each goat received ATI or SAL in random order separated by 1 week. Jugular catheters were placed for drug administration and blood sampling (10–12 mL sample?1) using a lidocaine skin block (20 mg) 2 hours prior to beginning of each trial; during this trial, goats breathed room air. Physiologic parameters were measured, SED, REC, and ALG were scored, and blood samples were collected from jugular catheters at baseline (time = ?30 minutes), 5 minutes post‐MED administration (time = ?25 minutes), 25 minute post‐MED administration and immediately prior to antagonism (time = 0 minute), and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administering ATI or SAL. ALG was tested by clamping the withers and metacarpus with hoof testers fitted with a force transducer to measure applied isometric force (lb) (a technique used previously in goats to evaluate analgesia). Continuous variables were analyzed by Repeated Measures analysis of variance (anova ); categorical data were analyzed using a Friedman Repeated Measures anova on ranks. A p‐value of <0.05 was considered significant. If a significant difference was found, a Dunnett's pair‐wise comparison of means was conducted. Differences between ATI and SAL were examined at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes using a paired t‐test with a Bonferroni correction. Administration of MED resulted in a decrease in T (38.7 ± 0.3 to 34.5 ± 0.4 °C), HR (78 ± 19 to 55 ± 9), and RR (31 ± 12 to 14 ± 5) over time; an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (90 ± 19 to 132 ± 23), COR (0.254 ± 0.125 to 4.327 ± 1.233), and GLU (82.0 ± 13.2 to 255.9 ± 38.9); and changes in SED (alert to marked sedation), REC (standing to recumbent), and ALG (metacarpus = 5 ± 2 to 14 ± 0; withers = 3 ± 2 to 14 ± 0). GLU was 62–70% higher at 60 and 120 minutes and COR was 336% higher after SAL than after ATI at 120 minutes; at 30, 60, and 120 minutes, T was 4–10% higher after ATI than SAL. There were no other significant differences. REC, SED, and ALG were antagonized after ATI. ATI did not antagonize the effect of MED on HR, RR, or MAP, but stabilized T and antagonized the increase in GLU and COR. 相似文献
57.
I Salvador MP Viudes-de-Castro J Bernacer EA Gómez MA Silvestre 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(6):526-529
An artificial insemination programme was carried out to study the effect of factors such as depth of semen deposition, inseminator skill, farm, sire and expression of oestrus on pregnancy rate in Murciano-Granadina (MG) goats during non-breeding season and using frozen semen. Frozen-thawed semen from six males was applied by three technicians to inseminate a total of 551 goats in 17 farms distributed throughout the Mediterranean area of Spain. Pregnancy rate was determined at 6 weeks after insemination by transabdominal ecography. Overall pregnancy rate was 57%. Farm and depth of semen deposition affected pregnancy rate, whereas the sire and the technician had no effect. The deeper the semen was deposited in the genital tract, the higher was the rate of pregnancy obtained, being greater when the catheter reached the uterus. In spite of the relevant difference observed (48.2% vs 59.0%), pregnancy rate of females not coming into oestrus until 30 h after sponge removal was not significantly different, compared with those showing oestrus during the OD procedure. In conclusion, our field assay data on AI in MG goat with frozen-thawed semen showed that post-cervical insemination presented significantly greater pregnancy rate in comparison to when semen is deposited in the vagina or in the caudal part of the cervix. 相似文献
58.
JM Vazquez EA Martinez J Roca C Matas O Blanco 《Reproduction in domestic animals》1998,33(3-4):267-270
59.
The Recipients' Parity Does Not Influence Their Reproductive Performance Following Non‐Surgical Deep Uterine Porcine Embryo Transfer
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EA Martinez A Nohalez CA Martinez I Parrilla J Vila I Colina M Diaz J Reixach JL Vazquez J Roca C Cuello MA Gil 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(1):123-129
With the development of the non‐surgical deep uterine (NsDU) embryo transfer (ET) technology, the commercial applicability of ET in pigs is now possible. There are, nevertheless, many factors that influence NsDU‐ET effectiveness that need to be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the weaned recipients' parity on fertility and prolificacy following NsDU‐ET. The recipients (n = 120) were selected based on their reproductive history and body condition and grouped into three categories according to their parity: primiparous sows, sows of parity 2 and sows of parities from 3 to 5. Thirty fresh embryos (morulae and unhatched blastocysts) were non‐surgically transferred into one uterine horn of each recipient. It was possible to insert the NsDU‐ET catheter through the cervix along a uterine horn in 98.3% of the recipients. The parity had no influence on the difficulty grade of the insertions or on the percentage of correct insertions. The cervix and uterine wall were not perforated during the insertions, and vaginal discharge was not observed after transfer in any of the recipients. There were no differences in the pregnancy rates (74.8%), farrowing rates (71.2%) or litter sizes (9.6 ± 3.3) between groups. Also, there were no differences between groups regarding to the piglets' birthweights or piglet production efficiency. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that weaned sows from parity 1 to 5 are appropriate to be used as recipients in NsDU‐ET programs, which increase the possibilities for the utilization of ET in the recipient farms. 相似文献
60.
L Anel‐López O García‐Álvarez I Parrilla D Del Olmo MR Fernández‐Santos AJ Soler A Maroto‐Morales JA Ortiz DV Alkmin T Tarantini J Roca EA Martínez JM Vazquez JJ Garde 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(3):407-414
The aims of this study were to assess the effects of the sex‐sorting process on post‐thaw sperm quality as well as on induced oxidative stress damage (H2O2 0 mm = H000; H2O2 50 mm = H050; H2O2 100 mm = H100) and the protective action of reduced glutathione (GSH) and Trolox, when comparing sorted (BSS) and non‐sorted (NS) red deer spermatozoa incubated at 37°C. Sperm samples from three stags were collected by electroejaculation and frozen. Immediately after thawing, sperm motility was higher (p < 0.05) for NS (59% ± 3.3) than BSS (36.9% ± 5.8) sperm. Furthermore, the percentage of apoptotic sperm was higher (p < 0.05) for BSS (21.6% ± 5.0) than NS sperm (14.6% ± 1.2). The presence of H2O2 increased DNA damage in NS (H000 = 4.1% ± 0.9; H050 = 9.3% ± 0.7; and H100 = 10.9% ± 2.3), but not in BSS sperm. However, in the presence of oxidant, GSH addition improved (p < 0.05) sperm motility in both groups of sperm samples as compared to their controls (NS: 44.5 ± 4.8 vs 21.1 ± 3.9 and BSS: 33.3 ± 8.1 vs 8.9 ± 1.8). These results demonstrate that the sperm‐sorting process induces sublethal effects, albeit selecting a sperm population with a chromatin more resistant to oxidative stress than that in non‐sorted sperm. Moreover, addition of GSH at 1 mm may be a good choice for maintaining the quality of stressed sperm samples, unlike Trolox, which inhibited sperm motility. 相似文献