Pathology in Continuous Infusion Studies in Rodents and Non-Rodents and ITO (Infusion Technology Organisation)-Recommended Protocol for Tissue Sampling and Terminology for Procedure-Related Lesions     

Weber K  Mowat V  Hartmann E  Razinger T  Chevalier HJ  Blumbach K  Green OP  Kaiser S  Corney S  Jackson A  Casadesus A 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2011,24(2):113-124

Many variables may affect the outcome of continuous infusion studies. The results largely depend on the experience of the laboratory performing these studies, the technical equipment used, the choice of blood vessels and hence the surgical technique as well the quality of pathological evaluation. The latter is of major interest due to the fact that the pathologist is not involved until necropsy in most cases, i.e. not dealing with the complicated surgical or in-life procedures of this study type. The technique of tissue sampling during necropsy and the histology processing procedures may influence the tissues presented for evaluation, hence the pathologist may be a source of misinterpretation. Therefore, ITO proposes a tissue sampling procedure and a standard nomenclature for pathological lesions for all sites and tissues in contact with the port-access and/or catheter system.  相似文献   

Cytokinin-dependent improvement in transgenic P(SARK)::IPT tobacco under nitrogen deficiency     

Rubio-Wilhelmi Mdel M  Sanchez-Rodriguez E  Rosales MA  Blasco B  Rios JJ  Romero L  Blumwald E  Ruiz JM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(19):10491-10495

Wild-type (WT) and transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing isopentenyltransferase (IPT), a gene coding the rate-limiting step in cytokinin (CKs) synthesis, were grown under limited nitrogen (N) conditions to evaluate the role of CKs in NUE (N-use efficiency) and in different parameters that determine the quality of tobacco leaves. The results indicate that WT tobacco plants submitted to N deficiency show a decline in the leaf/root ratio, associated with a decrease in the NUE and in tobacco-leaf quality, defined by an increase in the quantity of nicotine. On the contrary, the transgenic plants submitted to N deficiency maintained the leaf/root ratio, presenting a higher NUE and greater quality of tobacco leaves than the WT plants, as the latter showed reduced nicotine and an increase in reducing sugars under severe N-deficiency conditions. Therefore, the overexpression of CKs under N deficiency could be a useful tool to improve tobacco cultivation, given that it could reduce N-fertilizer application and thereby provide economic savings and environmental benefits, maintaining yield and improving tobacco leaf quality.  相似文献   

Comparative Morphology,Development, and Function of Blood Cells in Nonmammalian Vertebrates     

Juan A. Claver  Agustin I.E. Quaglia 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2009,18(2):87-97

Much of our knowledge regarding vertebrate blood and blood cells is based on mammalian references. The critical study of nonmammalian vertebrate blood is relatively new, and comparatively few investigations have been published that focus on these animals' ontogeny and structure-function relationships of blood cells. Nonmammalian vertebrates comprise birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, all of which have a wide range of forms and adaptations. For the clinician, a lack of basic knowledge with these species makes the evaluation of a hemogram more challenging than in mammals. This is a concise review of our current knowledge of comparative morphology that describes routine staining procedures and the development and function of blood cells in nonmammalian vertebrates.  相似文献   

Furrow diking and N management for dryland wheat production in permanent raised beds     

Agustin Limon Ortega 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(6):641-653

The permanent bed planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has recently received additional attention. Studies using hard red spring wheat (cultivar Nahuatl F2000) were conducted at two locations in central Mexico. The studies included the installation of three furrow diking treatments, two granular N timing treatments and three foliar N rates applied at the end of anthesis. The objective was to evaluate the effect of these factors on wheat grain yield, yield components and grain N in a wheat–maize (Zea maize L.) rotation with residues of both crops left as stubble. Results indicated that diking in alternate furrows increased both grain yield and the final number of spikes per m². The split application of N fertilizer enhanced the number of spikes per m² and grain N uptake, but the effect on grain yield was inconsistent. Similarly, grain protein increased with the foliar application of 6 kg N ha^?1, depending upon the maximum temperature within the 10 days following anthesis. The normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) readings collected at four growth stages were generally higher for the split N application than for the basal N application at planting. Grain N uptake was associated to NDVI readings collected after anthesis.  相似文献   

Optimised computer vision system for automatic pre-grading of citrus fruit in the field using a mobile platform     

S. Cubero  N. Aleixos  F. Albert  A. Torregrosa  C. Ortiz  O. García-Navarrete  J. Blasco 《Precision Agriculture》2014,15(1):80-94

The mechanisation and automation of citrus harvesting is considered to be one of the best options to reduce production costs. Computer vision technology has been shown to be a useful tool for fresh fruit and vegetable inspection, and is currently used in post-harvest fruit and vegetable automated grading systems in packing houses. Although computer vision technology has been used in some harvesting robots, it is not commonly utilised in fruit grading during harvesting due to the difficulties involved in adapting it to field conditions. Carrying out fruit inspection before arrival at the packing lines could offer many advantages, such as having an accurate fruit assessment in order to decide among different fruit treatments or savings in the cost of transport and marketing non-commercial fruit. This work presents a computer vision system, mounted on a mobile platform where workers place the harvested fruits, that was specially designed for sorting fruit in the field. Due to the specific field conditions, an efficient and robust lighting system, very low-power image acquisition and processing hardware, and a reduced inspection chamber had to be developed. The equipment is capable of analysing fruit colour and size at a speed of eight fruits per second. The algorithms developed achieved prediction accuracy with an R² coefficient of 0.993 for size estimation and an R² coefficient of 0.918 for the colour index.  相似文献   

Oxygen consumption and feeding rates of gilthead sea bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>) reveal lack of acclimation to cold     

A.?IbarzEmail author  J.?Fernández-Borràs  J.?Blasco  M.?A.?Gallardo  J.?Sánchez 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2003,29(4):313-321

Low temperature has been implicated in inducing outbreaks of winter syndrome or winter disease in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The responses of gilthead sea bream to reduced temperature followed by maintenance at low temperaturewere studied. In a first experiment, oxygen consumptionwas measured when water temperature was reduced from 18°C to 8 °C at either a rate of 1 °C· day-1 or as two sharp drops (from 18 °C to 12 °C, and from 12 °C to 8 °C). In a second experiment, the water temperature was reduced from 16 °C to 8 °C or 12 °C and then maintained for 20 days to study the fish acclimation to these temperatures. In both experiments, fish stopped feeding below 13 °C and did not resume feeding when maintained at low temperatures. The decrease in metabolic activity, expressed by the oxygen consumption rate, was directly related to the fall in water temperature: the Q10(18 °C-8 °C) values were between 2.2–2.5, independently of the descend rate in water temperature. However, we observed a more reduced metabolic rate when the water temperature was below 12 °C. Fish maintained at low temperatures showed only a partial recovery in oxygen consumption (15% at 8 °C and 20% at 12 °C) after 20 days. A higher metabolic rate together with a fasting-temperature condition meant that maintenance at 12 °C was more aggressive than at 8 °C, as revealed by the condition factor and energy needs. Data suggest that 12 .C could be a threshold temperature for the metabolic activity of gilthead sea bream. The relationship between low temperatures and their possible implication in the appearance of winter disease in gilthead sea bream is also discussed.  相似文献   

Multiple haemoglobins in three tilapiine species of the genus Oreochromis and in eight strains of O. niloticus (L.)     

J M Macaranas  L Q Agustin  A E Eknath 《Aquaculture Research》1996,27(8):597-601

Among three tilapiine species, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), O mossambicus (Peters) and O. niloticus (L.), fifteen banding positions of haemoglobin were resolved using citric acid-aminopropylmorpholine pH 7.0 buffer. O. mossambicus and O. aureus displayed 7 and 8 fixed band locations, respectively, whereas eight strains of O. niloticus from Asian cultured and African wild populations showed a total of 14. Variability in the O. niloticus strains, manifested as presence or absence of haemoglobin bands, was observed in banding positions 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 14. Six banding positions in O. niloticus were shared with O. mossambicus and 8 with O. aureus. A dendrogram constructed from distance coefficients between popu-lation pairs using the presence or absence data showed the close affinity among O. niloticus strains belonging to the O. niloticus niloticus subspecies. A slight separation of Kenya O. niloticus from the O. niloticus niloticus strains is consistent with its subspecific distinction as O. niloticus vulcani. Among three species, O. niloticus had a closer affinity to O. aureus than to O. mossambicus. The phylogenetic relation-ships using differences in haemoglobin patterns and the higher genetic variability of O. niloticus reflect similar results obtained from existing studies using allozymes. In general, the presence of multiple fish haemoglobins is attributed to their adaptability to haeterogeneous environments. This attribute is typical of tilapias.  相似文献   

Comparison of subcutaneous and conjunctival routes of Rev 1 vaccination for the prophylaxis of Brucella ovis infection in rams   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C M Marín  M Barberán  M P Jiménez de Bagués  J M Blasco 《Research in veterinary science》1990,48(2):209-215

The serological response and protection conferred against Brucella ovis by the Rev 1 vaccine was evaluated in both adult (experiment 1) and young rams (experiment 2) vaccinated either subcutaneously or conjunctivally. In experiment 1 the Rev 1 vaccine protected 55.5 per cent and 100 per cent, respectively, of subcutaneously and conjunctivally vaccinated rams against three consecutive challenges that infected 100 per cent of unvaccinated controls. In experiment 2, Rev 1 protected 100 per cent of rams vaccinated subcutaneously and 70 per cent of those vaccinated conjunctivally against a challenge dose able to infect all the unvaccinated controls. The serological response after vaccination was significantly lower in rams vaccinated conjunctivally than in those vaccinated subcutaneously.  相似文献   

Divergent selection for uterine capacity in rabbits. III. Responses in uterine capacity and its components estimated with a cryopreserved control population     

Mocé ML  Santacreu MA  Climent A  Blasco A 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(10):2308-2312

This work evaluated the response to 10 generations of divergent selection for uterine capacity (UC) in rabbits to determine whether this response was symmetric by contrasting both lines against a cryopreserved control population. Animals came from the 13th generation of an experiment of divergent selection for UC and from a cryopreserved control population. The two UC lines were divergently selected for 10 generations, and selection was relaxed from the 11th generation until the 13th generation. Uterine capacity was estimated as litter size (LS) in unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) does. To create the control population, embryos from the base generation were vitrified and stored in liquid N2 for 10 generations. Data from 461 pregnancies produced by 134 ULO does were used: 62 does from the high UC line, 55 females from the low UC line, and 17 females from the control line. The following traits were analyzed: ovulation rate (OR); number of implanted embryos (IE); (UC), estimated as total number of rabbits born; number born alive (NBA); prenatal survival (PS), estimated as UC/OR; embryo survival (ES), estimated as IE/OR; and fetal survival (FS), estimated as UC/IE. Ovulation rate, IE, PS, ES, and FS were measured by laparoscopy only in the second parity. Uterine capacity and NBA were measured over four parities. Responses in UC and its components were estimated as differences between the selected lines and the control line using a Bayesian approach. Selection for UC led to differences of 1.01 kits between the high and low lines, but this response was asymmetric. No differences were found between the high and control lines (high - control = -0.08), whereas the low and control lines differed by 1.08 kits, with a probability of the difference being greater than zero of 0.98. Difference between the high and low lines and between the control and low lines was one-half of the difference reported for correlated response in LS in previous studies. No differences in OR were detected among lines. The control and low lines differed by 1.06 IE, with a probability of the difference being higher than zero of 0.84. Prenatal survival for the low line was less than that of the control line. In summary, selection for UC was asymmetric, which was mainly due to a correlated response in PS. Response in UC was one-half of the difference reported for correlated response in LS in previous studies.  相似文献   

Divergent selection for uterine capacity in rabbits. II. Correlated response in litter size and its components estimated with a cryopreserved control population     

Santacreu MA  Mocé ML  Climent A  Blasco A 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(10):2303-2307

Our objective was to evaluate the correlated responses to selection for litter size and its components after 10 generations of divergent selection for uterine capacity (UC). A total of 294 intact females from the 11th and 12th generations of divergent selection for high and low UC and from a cryopreserved control population was used (139, 112, and 43 females, respectively). Uterine capacity was assessed as litter size in unilaterally ovariectomized females. Traits recorded on females for up to five parities were litter size (LS) and number born alive (NBA). Laparoscopy was performed in all females at d 12 of their second parity, and the ovulation rate (OR) and number of implanted embryos (IE) were recorded in these females. Embryo survival (ES = IE/OR), fetal survival (FS = LS/IE), and prenatal survival (PS = LS/OR) were computed. Correlated responses in LS and in its components were inferred using Bayesian methods. Correlated responses in LS were asymmetric. The divergence between high and low lines was 2.35 kits, mainly because of a higher correlated response in the low line (1.88 kits). The lower LS in the low line was associated with a lower PS (control - low = 0.14), because of decreases in ES and FS.  相似文献