Effects of row deep tillage for the growth base formed by piling up soil in damp lowlands behind coastal sand dunes to construct coastal disaster prevention forest belts on the Kujukuri coastline,Japan     

Kenji Ono  Akane Komoriya  Ryuichi Tachibana  Akihiro Imaya  Satoru Suzuki  Hironori Noguchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2018,64(2):168-180

ABSTRACT

To successfully afforest coastal forest belts ensuring high disaster prevention, growth bases for them have been constructed by piling up soil in the low wetlands along the Kujukuri coastline. Ground surfaces in such bases are often covered with water because of soil compaction, leaving them susceptible to stagnant water. Water stagnation in soil is problematic, potentially interfering with afforesting coastal forests. Therefore, row deep tillage was conducted for parts of growth bases to combat the poor physical properties of the existing soil. Here, we surveyed soil profiles and measured vertical soil hardness distribution in two forest stands with piling up soil to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage for man-made soil. Soil hardness measurements indicated that the vertical areas with ‘soft’ and ‘hard/consolidated’ soil alternately appeared in growth base profiles. Generally, soil of the dense and very hard layers was apt to be formed by strong compaction of the filled-up soil because of heavy machinery usage during growth base preparation. Such dense and hard soils in the untilled areas of the profiles were also observed in this study. By contrast, it was confirmed that row deep tillage drastically improved soil physical properties, i.e., decreased hardness and increased water permeability, because the sequential hardened subsoil layers were well-broken-up. Moreover, it was observed many thick and large roots penetrated deeper layers with deep tillage areas. These results suggest that row deep tillage of hardened soil is quite effective at securing the areas and providing the physical conditions for deeply penetrated roots into deeper soils, which increases healthy root development. They show the effects of soil hardness reduction and water permeability improvement have been maintained for two decades, at least, after construction. These findings will be useful for alleviating some problems of soil compaction, water stagnation, and tree-growth hindrance that have been encountered on afforestation sites with man-made soil.  相似文献   

Expression patterns of type II and III iodothyronine deiodinase genes in the liver of the goldlined spinefoot, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Siganus guttatus</Emphasis>     

Nina Wambiji  Yong-Ju Park  Ji-Gweon Park  Se-Jae Kim  Sung-Pyo Hur  Yuki Takeuchi  Akihiro Takemura 《Fisheries Science》2011,77(3):301-311

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Long-term rearing of Japanese eel larvae using a liquid-type diet: food intake,survival and growth     

Okamura  Akihiro  Yamada  Yoshiaki  Horie  Noriyuki  Mikawa  Naomi  Tsukamoto  Katsumi 《Fisheries Science》2019,85(4):687-694

Fisheries Science - The efficiency of a new liquid-type diet for long-term rearing of Japanese eel larvae until metamorphosis was examined, as was the effect of diet viscosity on diet intake and on...  相似文献   

The profile of urinary lipid metabolites in cats with bacterial cystitis     

Yui KOBAYASHI  Tatsuro NAKAMURA  Tomohiro YONEZAWA  Koji KOBAYASHI  Takahisa MURATA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(12):1977

Bacterial cystitis is one of the feline lower urinary tract diseases (FLUTDs). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (ARA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are oxidized into various lipid mediators that modulate inflammation. Since the profile of lipid metabolites excreted in urine is useful for assessing inflammatory body conditions, we analyzed 126 types of urinary lipid metabolites in cats with bacterial cystitis. Using LC-MS/MS, we found that the levels of 11 metabolites were higher in the urine of cystitis cats than in the urine of healthy cats. In detail, the urinary levels of ARA, EPA, and DHA and eight of their metabolites were increased in cystitis cats. Focusing on the lipid oxidation pathway, the urinary levels of four cyclooxygenase-, three lipoxygenase-, and one cytochrome P450-dependent oxidated metabolites were increased in bacterial cystitis. These urinary lipid profiles can provide some insight into the pathology and future diagnosis of bacterial cystitis.  相似文献   

Effect of Physical State of Nonpolar Lipids on Rheology and Microstructure of Gluten‐Starch and Wheat Flour Doughs     

Akihiro Watanabe  Helena Larsson  Ann‐Charlotte Eliasson 《Cereal Chemistry》2002,79(2):203-209

To clarify the effects of solid fat and liquid oil on dough in more detail in a simpler system, gluten‐starch doughs with different gluten contents were investigated. The results from rheological measurements indicate that dough with a higher starch content has less resistance to strain and dough with a lower starch content has a rubber‐like structure. The effects of the physical state of nonpolar lipids such as fat and oil on gluten‐starch doughs and wheat flour doughs were investigated using rheological measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Fat‐containing dough had more gas cells and a very smooth gluten gel surface with few holes, which may provide higher tolerance to strain. Moreover, the fat seemed to uniformly distribute the gluten gel between the starch granules in the dough, which reduced the friction between starch granules and led to a lower storage modulus. A mechanism governing the effect of fats on loaf volume is proposed based on the phenomena observed in the fat‐containing dough.  相似文献   

Effect of Physical States of Nonpolar Lipids on Rheology,Ultracentrifugation, and Microstructure of Wheat Flour Dough     

Akihiro Watanabe  Kazuhisa Yokomizo  Ann‐Charlotte Eliasson 《Cereal Chemistry》2003,80(3):281-284

In the previous study, we investigated effect of physical state of nonpolar lipids of gluten‐starch model dough. This experiment examined a real wheat flour dough system to assess the role of fat crystals in the breadmaking processes. These experiments were performed with a baking test and an investigation of wheat flour dough through rheological measurements (both large and small deformations), scanning electron microscopy, and ultracentrifugation. As a result, we found that the added oil was absorbed in the gluten structure, causing the aggregation of the gluten, which gave rise to more elastic behavior. In contrast, solid fat seemed to be distributed uniformly between the starch granules in the dough, reducing the friction between the starch granules and facilitating thin gluten gel layers. These properties lead to the lower G′ value and the increased viscous behavior, which yields an increase in loaf volume. In addition, the supposed mechanism behind the large loaf volume described in the previous study was that fat provides a uniform distribution of the dough components, and that the dough can thus expand easily, resulting in a larger loaf volume, which was supported in the wheat flour dough system. In conclusion, we found that thin, expandable gluten films and the uniform dispersion of gluten and starch granules in the dough are prerequisites for attaining better baking performance.  相似文献