Evaluation of genetic diversity of bread wheat landraces from Pakistan by AFLP and implications for a future collection strategy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ryoko Hirano  Akira Kikuchi  Makoto Kawase  Kazuo N. Watanabe 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(7):1007-1015

We used amplified-fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to evaluate genetic variation in a set of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces and improved materials. Landraces collected from different geographic and agro-ecological zones in Pakistan in 1987, 1989 and 1991 were separated into two groups based on their geographic origins: northern (Himalaya) and south-western (Balochistan) Pakistan. Six AFLP primer combinations detected 453 AFLP markers in the 43 landrace accessions and four high-yield varieties (HYVs). Of these, 225 (49.67%) were rare (shared with < 5% of all accessions). Among these rare alleles, 23 (10.22%) were common in the Himalaya (shared with > 10% of accessions collected there) but were not found in Balochistan. We conclude that there is a higher probability of collecting rare alleles at overall, but which are in contrast locally common ones in the Himalayan region. Gene diversity was 0.17 in the Himalayan group and 0.15 in the Balochistan group. Considerable genetic variability was found in both groups. Accessions from different agro-ecological zones were indistinguishable by cluster analysis, indicating intensive seed trading within the country. Cluster analysis indicated that the landraces and the HYVs are genetically distinct; suggesting that genetic erosion of wheat landraces has been unlikely taken in place. This study provides an example of how analysis of existing materials and data, can serve as a basis for future collection planning and conservation policies.  相似文献   

Secretion of inhibin in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) from one week of age to sexual maturity     

Sedqyar M  Weng Q  Watanabe G  Kandiel MM  Takahashi S  Suzuki AK  Taneda S  Taya K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2008,54(2):100-106

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in secretion of inhibin and cellular localization of the inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (beta(A) and beta(B)) subunits in male Japanese quail from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. The post-hatch profile of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), immunoreactive (ir) inhibin and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Testes were immunostained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) using polyclonal antisera raised against inhibin alpha, inhibin/activin beta(A) and inhibin/activin beta(B) from one week of age to sexual maturity. Testicular weight increased gradually until 4 weeks and abruptly increased from 5 weeks of age onwards. The plasma concentrations of LH and ir-inhibin increased significantly at 5 weeks of age, and the plasma concentration of testosterone increased significantly at 6 weeks of age. Pituitary contents of LH showed a steady increase until 6 weeks of age and then abruptly increased at 7 weeks of age. Coincident to the increase in plasma testosterone, the testicular contents of testosterone significantly increased from 5 weeks through sexual maturity. Immunohistochemically, localization of the inhibin/activin alpha, beta(A) and beta(B) subunits was found in the Sertoli and Leydig cells at all ages of development from one week of age to sexual maturity. These results suggest that Sertoli and Leydig cells are the major source of inhibin secretion during development in male Japanese quail.  相似文献   

Secretion of inhibin in female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) from hatch to sexual maturity     

Sedqyar M  Weng Q  Watanabe G  Kandiel MM  Takahashi S  Suzuki AK  Taneda S  Taya K 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2008,54(1):52-57

To clarify the cellular source and secretory pattern of inhibin in the Japanese quail during follicular development, the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) inhibin were measured from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. Localization of the inhibin/activin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits was investigated by immunohistochemistry. To monitor development of the pituitary and ovarian functions, the plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone concentrations were also measured. Ovarian weight increased gradually until 6 weeks of age and then abruptly increased at 7 weeks of age just at the onset of egg production. Plasma concentrations of LH increased significantly at 6 weeks of age. The plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin and progesterone and the pituitary contents of LH also increased significantly at 7 weeks of age. Immunohistochemically, the inhibin/activin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits were localized in the granulosa cells of all follicles during different stages of development from 1 to 7 weeks after hatching. The inhibin alpha, beta A and beta B subunits were also found in the interstitial cells but not theca cells of all follicles. These results demonstrated that the plasma concentrations of ir-inhibin of the female Japanese quails rose with ovarian development. The immunohistochemical results suggested that granulosa and interstitial cells are the major source of ovarian inhibins in female Japanese quails.  相似文献   

Roles of the hypocretin/orexins in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness     

Terao A  Haruyama T  Kimura K 《The Japanese journal of veterinary research》2008,55(2-3):75-83

Hypocretin/orexin is produced exclusively in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamus but its projection is widespread within the brain and plays important roles. In this paper, we review the independent discoveries of the hypocretin/orexin peptides, the neuroanatomy of this system, and the link to the sleep disorder narcolepsy that has led to the idea that this system plays a crucial role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.  相似文献   

Compliance rate of livestock vehicles with welfare standards, and behavior of feeder cattle at loading ramp     

Katsuji UETAKE  Toshie ISHIWATA  Yusuke EGUCHI  Toshio TANAKA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(3):401-406

The objective of the present study was to assess cattle welfare during transportation. Vehicle inspection and observation of cattle behavior during loading operations were conducted at two major livestock markets (T and M) in Japan. Market T provided young feeder cattle (Wagyu and cross‐bred aged 6.8–9.0 months) mainly for regions farther than 1500 km. Market M provided young cattle (Wagyu aged 6.6–11.2 month) and calves (crossbred and Holstein aged 0.7–1.5 month) for nearby regions within 500 km. Market T had loading platforms 1.0 m high, whereas market M had partial allocation of platforms and forced most transporters to load cattle from the ground. Vehicles were inspected according to the welfare standards for beef cattle of the RSPCA. Number of vehicles inspected was 36 and 31 in markets T and M, respectively. Cattle hesitations (kneeling down, slipping, balking, backing down, turning around, jumping and eliminating) were observed at the loading ramp. Vehicles inspected at the markets complied with most requirements of the welfare standards, but non‐compliance was found in two requirements: in market M, 71.0% of vehicles had the loading ramp at a >20% incline, whereas 17.1% of vehicles did in market T (P < 0.001). Slope of the loading ramp was steeper in market M than in market T (33.9 ± 17.3% vs. 14.9 ± 8.9%, P < 0.001). Market M had higher proportion of vehicles that did not comply with the requirement ‘Both loading ramps and tail boards must be appropriately designed and covered with litter, to prevent animals from falling off or slipping’ compared with market T (83.9% vs. 17.1%, P < 0.001). Higher frequencies were observed in two kinds of hesitating behavior in market M than in market T (both P < 0.01): mean frequencies (times/head) of slipping and balking were 1.3 ± 1.2 and 2.0 ± 1.8 in market M, and 0.2 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.5 in market T, respectively. Steeper loading ramp was correlated with higher frequencies of kneeling down (r = 0.53), slipping (r = 0.59), balking (r = 0.45) and backing down (r = 0.42) (all P < 0.05).  相似文献   

Comparison of behavior, physical condition and performance of laying hens in four molting methods     

Tsuyoshi SHIMMURA  Yusuke EGUCHI  Katsuji UETAKE  Toshio TANAKA 《Animal Science Journal》2008,79(1):129-138

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the welfare level of hens in four molting methods by comparing their behavior, physical condition and performance. In total, 96 White Leghorn layers (72 weeks of age) were used. The four molting methods consisted of 10 days of feeding and the first 3 days of water withdrawal WFW); 10 day feed withdrawal (WF) followed by ad libitum access to a layer diet from day 11, 28 days of restricted feeding (RF) and 28 days without withdrawing their feed (NW). The RF and NW hens were fed a low energy diet. The WFW and WF hens showed two clear phases of behavior during the 10‐day fasting period. Explorative and stereotyped behavior increased for WFW and WF hens just after their fast. Standing‐resting then increased for WFW and WF hens while lying‐resting decreased. In contrast, RF and NW hens did not show clear behavioral changes during the 28‐day molt period. The weight loss of the NW hens was more gradual compared with the other three methods. No significant differences were seen in any productive trait among the four methods during the postmolt period. In conclusion, the welfare level of RF and NW, especially NW, was higher compared with WFW and WF.  相似文献   

Retention behavior of size and aluminum components on handsheets in rosin-ester size/alum systems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ken-ich Ito  Akira Isogai  Fumihiko Onabe 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(1):46-52

Anionic emulsion sizes consisting of rosin triglyceride esters and partly fortified rosin acids (i.e., rosin-ester sizes), have recently been used as internal sizes for alkaline papermaking. In this study, handsheets were prepared from pulp suspensions with alum and a rosin-ester size under various conditions, and sizing degree and size and aluminum contents of the handsheets were determined. Aluminum compounds originating from alum added to the pulp suspensions behave as retention aids of the rosin-ester size even in alkaline papermaking under limited conditions. Carboxyl groups in pulp are the primary retention sites of aluminum compounds in pulp suspensions. They form cationic sites on pulp fibers, and thus the anionic size emulsion particles are adsorbed on pulp fibers by electrostatic interactions. However, the cationic charges of aluminum compounds on pulp fibers decrease and finally disappear completely with the lapse of time after the alum addition by forming ionic bonds between the cationic sites and OH^– ions. Thus, pH values of the pulp suspensions and timing of the size addition strongly influence the retention values of the rosin-ester size and the resultant sizing features.This research was presented in part at the 1995 autumn meetings of the Society of Fiber Science and Technology Japan in Hamamatsu, October 1995  相似文献   

Cryorereservation of in vitro-grown meristems of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) by encapsulation-vitrification     

Dai Hirai  Kayo Shirai  Shigehisa Shirai  Akira Sakai 《Euphytica》1998,103(1):143-147

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RFLPs of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in wild soybean, Glycine soja, growing in China     

Yoshiya Shimamoto  Hirofumi Fukushi  Jun Abe  Akira Kanazawa  Junyi Gai  Zhong Gao  Donghe Xu 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1998,45(5):433-439

RFLPs of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA have been used to characterize the cytoplasmic genome of wild soybean, Glycine soja, growing in China. We have found from the RFLPs of that the cytoplasmic genomes of most Chinese wild soybeans have a combination of cpIII with mt-a or a combination of cpII with mt-b accompanied by mtIV or mtV according to our classification. CpII was not observed in combination with mt-a and cpIII was not observed in combination with mt-b. The regional distribution of these two types showed clines with opposite directions. The Yangtze River Valley had the greatest diversity in each of cp and two mt profiles detected in this study and the cytoplasmic genome combining these three profiles showed the highest degree of polymorphism in this region. The Yangtze River Valley may be a center of cytoplasmic diversity of wild soybean and may contain various genetic resources of soybean.  相似文献   

Quantitative correlation between molecular similarity and receptor-binding activity of neonicotinoid insecticides     

Akira Nakayama  Masayuki Sukekawa 《Pest management science》1998,52(2):104-110

Quantitative correlation between molecular similarity and receptor-binding activity of neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid and acetamiprid was studied by using a method of similarity index and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations. A series of compounds having an aromatic ring and a cyclic or acyclic amine moiety with an electron-withdrawing group were subjected to the similarity-activity analysis. Energy-minimum structures and electrostatic properties of the molecules were obtained by MNDO-PM3. The electrostatic similarity of each molecule compared with the most active compounds was found to correlate significantly with the binding activity to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in honey bee when the two molecules were superimposed to maximize the molecular shape similarity by simplex procedure. This indicates that molecular similarity in terms of electrostatic properties is important for activity, as well as superimposability in terms of molecular shape. A schematic model of interaction between neonicotinoids and nAChR is proposed according to the results of similarity-activity analyses. © 1998 SCI.  相似文献