Prediction of hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity in soils at steady-state infiltration     

Abdelmonem Mohamed Amer 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(10):1179-1194

The purpose of this study was (1) to find a matching factor (u) between infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity during steady-state infiltration, and (2) to propose equations based on infiltration and soil moisture-retention functions for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity K(θ) within the rapidly (non-capillary) drainable pores (RDP) and capillary-matrix pores of soils. The K(θ) of capillary pores was divided into K(θ)_SDP, K(θ)_WHP and K(θ)_FCP within slowly drainable pores (SDP), water-holding pores (WHP) and fine capillary pores (FCP), respectively. Five soil profiles of calcareous sandy loam, alluvial saline and non-saline clay, located at the Nile Delta, were used to apply the proposed equations. The highest and the lowest values of K(θ)_RDP were observed in calcareous and saline clay soil profiles, respectively. Values of K(θ)_RDP remained higher than those for capillary pores in the studied soils. The predicted values of K(θ) in capillary and non-capillary pores classes were in the expected range for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Water sorptivity (S) was determined at initial unsaturated soil water conditions and calculated at steady-state infiltration (S _w) using a derived equation. There was a decrease in S with an increase in soil water content; i.e. at steady-state infiltration, S decreased by 35–40% in calcareous soils and by 45–60% in alluvial clay soils. The parameter values of u and S _w tended to be uniform in calcareous soils, but nonuniform in saline and non-saline clay soils.  相似文献   

Induction of a malathion-resistant strain in the common predacious mite Amblyseius cydnodactylon (Acari: Phytoseiidae)     

E. M. El-Banhawy  S. A. A. Amer  S. A. Saber 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2000,73(1):22-24

This study demonstrates a laboratory induction of a malathion - resistant strain in Amblyseius cydnodactylon Shehata & Zaher and effect of selection on reproduction. Initially 500 sensitive females obtained from a laboratory mass culture were exposed to malathion at LC70. Subsequent selections were conducted every two generations at progressive LC70 values and number of eggs/female/day was recorded at each selection. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions of 24-28°C and 70-80 % R. H. The LC70 in the parent generation was 5.19 ppm and increased to 20 ppm in F4 selection generation. The dosage mortality relationships continued to increase up to a maximum of 282.3 ppm in F16. The rate of developing resistance increased from 1.75 folds in F2 to 1.97 folds in F4 and gradually reached a maximum of 54.39 folds in F16. There was an obvious decrease in reproduction corresponded to increasing resistance. For example, the number of eggs/female/day in F 16 was 8 eggs, contrasting 3 eggs in the parent generation.  相似文献   

Induction of a malathion-resistant strain in the common predacious mite Amblyseius cydnodactylon (Acari: Phytoseiidae)     

E. M. El-Banhawy  S. A. A. Amer  S. A. Saber 《Journal of pest science》2000,73(1):22-24

This study demonstrates a laboratory induction of a malathion - resistant strain in Amblyseius cydnodactylon Shehata & Zaher and effect of selection on reproduction. Initially 500 sensitive females obtained from a laboratory mass culture were exposed to malathion at LC70. Subsequent selections were conducted every two generations at progressive LC70 values and number of eggs/female/day was recorded at each selection. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions of 24-28°C and 70-80 % R. H. The LC70 in the parent generation was 5.19 ppm and increased to 20 ppm in F4 selection generation. The dosage mortality relationships continued to increase up to a maximum of 282.3 ppm in F16. The rate of developing resistance increased from 1.75 folds in F2 to 1.97 folds in F4 and gradually reached a maximum of 54.39 folds in F16. There was an obvious decrease in reproduction corresponded to increasing resistance. For example, the number of eggs/female/day in F 16 was 8 eggs, contrasting 3 eggs in the parent generation.  相似文献   

Biochemical effect of selenium and vitamin E/selenium administration on some trace elements in clinically normal suckling buffalo calves     

H A Amer  T K el-Neweehy  S A Abd el-Salam 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1985,39(6):847-851

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Biochemical effect of naturally and experimental induced nutritional muscular dystrophy on copper and iron levels in plasmas of suckling Egyptian buffalo calves     

T K el-Neweehy  H A Amer  S A Abd el-Salam 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1985,39(6):859-863

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Anticholesteremic property of Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt fed to mature boars   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A D Danielson  E R Peo  K M Shahani  A J Lewis  P J Whalen  M A Amer 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(4):966-974

Three strains of Lactobacilus acidophilus (LA) were isolated from the feces of mature boars that were not being fed antibiotics from the Nebraska Gene Pool (NGP). All three LA isolates were screened in vitro for anticholesteremic and antimicrobial activities. One strain, LA16, caused the greatest reduction in cholesterol and inhibited both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli the most. LA16 was used to produce 16, 18.9-liter quantities of acidophilus yogurt (AY), over a period of 8 wk, for use as a feed ingredient in diets for the NGP boars. Colony forming units (cfu), pH, protein, energy, Ca and P were consistent across all 16 batches of yogurt. All of the 18 boars were fed a high-cholesterol diet for a period of 56 d at a rate of 2.268 kg/(hd.d) to furnish 6.661 g/(hd.d) of cholesterol. Nine of the boars then were fed 1.81 kg/(hd.d) of a second diet that was supplemented with .454 kg/(hd.d) of AY. The other nine boars were fed the original diet. Cholesterol intake was the same for the two dietary treatments. Blood samples were collected weekly from the brachial-jugular region and the sera were analyzed for lipids. Acidophilus yogurt reduced serum cholesterol (P less than .01) and low density lipoproteins (P less than .08), but it had no effect on serum triglycerides (P greater than .23) or on high density lipoproteins (P greater than .11).  相似文献   

Influence of dietary mineral imbalance on the incidence of urolithiasis in Egyptian calves     

A S Ahmed  H A Amer  I M Ibrahim 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1989,43(1):73-77

The influence of certain dietary elements on the urolithiasis syndrome in cattle calves was elucidated. Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium measurements were conducted on feed rations as well as on serum and urine samples collected from affected and normal calves. Analysis of the rations given to the animals showed phosphorus at higher levels than calcium, indicating mineral imbalance. Serum and urine of urolithic calves were characterised by high phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, urea, and creatinine levels. Physical examination of urine of affected animals showed a high degree of turbidity, a large amount of calcium carbonate, and triple phosphate as well as abundant amount of pus cells and red blood cells. The characteristic clinical symptoms of urine retention were observed. Moreover, some animals were found to urinate through an opening in front of the scrotal region.  相似文献   

Effect of in vitro addition of some metal ions on serum alkaline phosphatase in calves     

M Shaker  H el-Hindi  H Amer  S Zaki 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1988,42(4):628-635

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Response of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) to intravenous glucagon injection and to infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acids, and the kinetics of glucagon disappearance from the blood     

Abdel-Fattah M  Amer H  Ghoneim MA  Warda M  Megahed Y 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe A》1999,46(8):473-481

The effects of glucagon injection and infusion of glucose and volatile fatty acids were studied in one-humped camels. Twenty adult male camels were divided into four equal groups. The first group was infused with physiological saline and served as a control. The second group was injected with a single dose of glucagon, the third group was infused with glucose (50%) in sterile saline, and the fourth group was infused with a volatile fatty acid (VFA) mixture. In the first, third and fourth groups, sampling was performed before the beginning of infusions (control time), and at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post-infusion. Plasma glucagon concentrations were monitored in the second group at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 90, 105 and 120 min after injection. For glucagon injection, glucose concentration peaked at 15 min post-injection, and tended to decrease thereafter. Plasma glucose concentrations showed significant rises above the basal value at all times after glucose infusion. VFA infusion had no apparent effect on plasma glucose concentration. After injection of glucagon, the plasma lactate concentration dropped significantly at 15 and 30 min, then increased gradually until it reached the original concentration of lactate at 120 min. However, glucose infusion elevated the plasma lactate concentration only at the end of the infusion period. A decrease in plasma lactate was observed at 60 min after VFA infusion. The present investigation provides evidence that the glucagon level in camels is higher than that in other ruminants and in man, and suggests that this is a probable species specificity, which would explain the higher level of glucose in the blood of camels than in that of other ruminants. The disappearance curve of injected glucagon had, as in other ruminants, an exponential two-compartment function. The hormone was rapidly distributed and was eliminated with a high rate of clearance.  相似文献   

Optimum bias in selection index parameters estimated with uncertainty     

Amer PR  Hofer A 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》1994,111(1-6):89-101

SUMMARY: In the derivation of selection index weights it is typically assumed that population and economic parameters are known with certainty. In practice, however, estimates of selection index parameters must be used instead of the true parameters. It is shown that when errors in parameter estimates have asymmetrical effects on the efficiency of a selection index, the expected response from selection can be increased by biasing parameter estimates. In this way, the probability of making errors which result in large reductions in efficiency is reduced. A method of deriving optimum (biased) selection index weights when there is uncertainty in parameters is described. The method incorporates the error probability distributions of parameters estimated with uncertainty. In some examples, moderate (2-5%) increases in the expected response from selection occurred with uncertain heritability and economic weight estimates. Overall however, increases in selection response vary depending on the true index and are usually small (0 to .5 %) unless parameter estimates are extremely uncertain. Failure to account for uncertainty in unbiased parameters leads to over estimation of the value of selection. Applications of the method for both practical and theoretical purposes are discussed with specific reference to animal improvement programs. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Optimale Verzerrung von ungenau gesch?tzten Selektionsindex-Parametern Bei der Ableitung von Selektionsindex-Gewichten wird üblicherweise angenommen, da? die Populationsparameter und wirtschaftlichen Gewichte genau bekannt sind. In der praktischen Anwendung müssen jedoch Sch?tzwerte anstelle der wahren Parameter verwendet werden. über- und Untersch?tzungen der Parameter zeigen asymmetrische Effekte auf die Effizienz von Selektionsindices. Es wird gezeigt, da? der erwartete Selektionserfolg gesteigert werden kann, wenn verzerrte Parametersch?tzwerte verwendet werden. Dabei wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Fehlern, welche zu gro?en Effizienzverlusten führen, verringert. Es wird eine Methode zur Ableitung der optimalen (verzerrten) Selektionsindex-Parameter beschrieben. Die Methode berücksichtigt die Verteilung der Sch?tzfehler. In einigen Beispielen von ungenau gesch?tzten Heritabilit?ten und wirtschaftlichen Gewichten wurden bescheidene (2 bis 5%) Steigerungen des erwarteten Selektionserfolges gefunden. Im allgemeinen waren die erwarteten Effizienzsteigerungen jedoch klein (0 bis 0,5%), au?er bei Parametern mit extrem gro?en Sch?tzfehlern. Werden die Sch?tzfehler der im Selektionsindex verwendeten Parameter nicht berücksichtigt, wird der erwartete Selektionsfortschritt übersch?tzt. Praktische und theoretische Anwendungsm?glichkeiten werden diskutiert.  相似文献