Pigeonpea breeding in eastern and southern Africa: challenges and opportunities          下载免费PDF全文

Seleman R. Kaoneka  Rachit K. Saxena  Said N. Silim  Damaris A. Odeny  Nadigatla Veera Prabha Rama Ganga Rao  Hussein A. Shimelis  Moses Siambi  Rajeev K. Varshney 《Plant Breeding》2016,135(2):148-154

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millspaugh) is an important multipurpose grain legume crop primarily grown in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In Africa, the crop is grown for several purposes including food security, income generation, livestock feed and in agroforestry. Production in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) is however faced with many challenges including limited use of high‐yielding cultivars, diseases and pests, drought, under‐investment in research and lack of scientific expertise. The aim of this review is to highlight the challenges facing pigeonpea breeding research in ESA and the existing opportunities for improving the overall pigeonpea subsector in the region. We discuss the potential of the recently available pigeonpea genomic resources for accelerated molecular breeding, the prospects for conventional breeding and commercial hybrid pigeonpea, and the relevant seed policies, among others, which are viewed as opportunities to enhance pigeonpea productivity.  相似文献   

Soil substrate as a cascade of capillary barriers for conserving water in a desert environment:lessons learned from arid nature     

Ali AI-MAKTOUMI  ;Said A-ISMAILY  ;Anvar KACIMOV  ;Hamed AI-BUSAIDI  ;Said AI-SAQRI  ;Mansour AI-HADABI 《干旱区科学》2014,(6):690-703

Interaction between soil pedogenesis, subsurface water dynamics, climate, vegetation and human ingenuity in a desert environment has been found to result in a unique ecohydrological system with an essentially three dimensional sedimentation structure in the bed of a recharge dam in Oman. A 3-D array of silt blocks sandwiched by dry sand-filled horizontal and vertical fractures was studied in pot experiments as a model of a natural prototype. Pots are filled with a homogenous sand-silt mixture(control) or artificially structured(smart design, SD) soil substrates. Rhodes grass and ivy(Ipomea, Convolvulaceae) were grown in the pots during the hottest season in Oman. Soil moisture content(SMC) was measured at different depths over a period of 20 days without irrigation. SD preserved the SMC of the root zone for both ivy and grass(SMC of around 25%–30% compared to 10% for control, 3 days after the last irrigation). Even after 20 days, SMC was around 18% in the SD and 7% in the control. This, similar to the case of a natural prototype, is attributed to the higher upward capillary movement of water in control pots and intensive evaporation. The capillary barrier of sand sheaths causes discontinuity in moisture migration from the micro-pores in the silt blocks to sand pores. The blocks serve as capillarity-locked water buffers, which are depleted at a slow rate by transpiration rather than evaporation from the soil surface. This creates a unique ecosystem with a dramatic difference in vegetation between SD-pots and control pots. Consequently, the Noy-Meir edaphic factor, conceptualizing the ecological impact of 1-D vertical heterogeneity of desert soils, should be generalized to incorporate 3-D soil heterogeneity patterns. This agro-engineering control of the soil substrate and soil moisture distribution and dynamics(SMDaD) can be widely used by desert farmers as a cheap technique, with significant savings of irrigation water.  相似文献   

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects of Lactuca sativa extracts     

H.L. Edziri  M.A. SmachS. Ammar  M.A. MahjoubZ. Mighri  M. AouniM. Mastouri 《Industrial Crops and Products》2011,34(1):1182-1185

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Lactuca sativa var longifolia leaves were investigated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. The effect of the extracts against 5 Gram-positive and 6 Gram-negative bacteria was tested. The antiviral activity was determined against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD-169 (ATCC Ref. VR 538) and coxsackie B virus type 3 (CoxB-3) using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The methanol extract had the highest total phenolic contents (235.31 mg CE/g extract). It exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) greater hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 3.5 μg/ml) than the aqueous extract (4.1 μg/ml). It was also the most effective extract with the lowest MIC (2.5 mg/ml) against all Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited antiviral activity against HCMV and Cox-B3 viruses with IC₅₀ of 200 μg/ml.  相似文献   

Residue depletion of nitrofuran drugs and their tissue-bound metabolites in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after oral dosing     

Chu PS  Lopez MI  Abraham A  El Said KR  Plakas SM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(17):8030-8034

The depletion of the nitrofuran drugs furazolidone, nitrofurazone, furaltadone, and nitrofurantoin and their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SC), 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and 1-aminohydantoin (AH), respectively] were examined in the muscle of channel catfish following oral dosing (1 mg/kg body weight). Parent drugs were measurable in muscle within 2 h. Peak levels were found at 4 h for furazolidone (30.4 ng/g) and at 12 h for nitrofurazone, furaltadone, and nitrofurantoin (104, 35.2, and 9.8 ng/g respectively). Parent drugs were rapidly eliminated from muscle, and tissue concentrations fell below the limit of detection (1 ng/g) at 96 h. Peak levels of tissue-bound AMOZ and AOZ (46.8 and 33.7 ng/g respectively) were measured at 12 h, and of SC and AH (31.1 and 9.1 ng/g, respectively) at 24 h. Tissue-bound metabolites were measurable for up to 56 days postdose. These results support the use of tissue-bound metabolites as target analytes for monitoring nitrofuran drugs in channel catfish.  相似文献   

Monitoring of root‐zone water content in the laboratory by 2D geoelectrical tomography     

Ulrike Werban  Said Attia al Hagrey  Wolfgang Rabbel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2008,171(6):927-935

Root water uptake is one of the essential processes within the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum. We present a method for monitoring soil‐water redistributions due to water uptake by roots. Our aim is to image and monitor diurnal soil‐water redistribution during a small‐scale (centimeter‐to‐decimeter range) indoor experiment and to correlate water content determined by applied geoelectrical time‐lapse imaging techniques with values from single‐point time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements. This includes establishing pedophysical relationships within the root zone and deriving the water‐content distribution from the electrical‐resistivity model. Using DC geoelectrics of high resolution (970 data points for 220 cm²), we monitored significant spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture with time, whereas no irrigation was applied. Thus, we imaged the high heterogeneity of fluid movements within the soil. We found diurnal variations with high spatial variability of soil water content during the morning and afternoon hours. The water content continuously increased from dawn to noon, whereas the increase started in the near‐surface zone from 1 cm to 3 cm above the main root zone. Between 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m., water content decreases along most of the sections. Water content irregularly decreases and increases during the afternoon. During night time, we observed nearly no changes in soil water content due to the absence of transpiration and subsequently soil‐water redistribution. Most of these diurnal variations in soil water content lie within the intensive root zone, as measurements showed on soil samples excavated from these areas after the experiment. Furthermore, we quantified water content derived from geoelectrical tomography of the monitored area before and after an irrigation event using a geophysical pedotransfer function of Archie, established specifically for the used lupine and the applied physico‐chemical boundary conditions of the experiment. The resulting average water content from 2D geoelectrical tomography agreed well with the values determined by the TDR measurements.  相似文献   

平底悬链线形明渠水力最优断面求解     

韩延成  梁梦媛  Said M. Eas  唐伟  初萍萍  高学平 《农业工程学报》2019,35(6):90-99

断面设计是渠道设计的重要内容之一,适宜的渠道断面不仅能够增加过流能力,提高输水效率,减小输水损失,还能降低建造成本。该文提出了一种具有平底和悬链线形侧边的明渠断面。这种断面将平底和悬链线侧边平滑连接,既具有平底断面建造容易、灵活,管护方便,底部容易压实,侧边和平底可以用不同材料建造(以降低成本)等优点,也具有悬链线形断面过流能力大、无应力集中拐角、不宜渗漏、防冻胀能力强,耐久性好等优点,可广泛应用于大、中、小型渠道及寒区,具有良好的实用价值。推导了过流面积、湿周、水面宽度等水力断面特性计算公式。提出了一个更简单的正常水深的迭代算法。基于拉格朗日乘子法,推导出了平底悬链线形明渠的水力最优断面,结果表明其水力最优断面的底宽与水深比、水面宽与水深比、底宽与形状系数比、水面宽度与形状系数比、形状系数与水深比均为常数:宽深比等于0.405,形状系数与水深比等于0.474,水面宽与水深的比值为2.112,底宽与形状系数的比值为0.855。与现有平底断面(梯形、平底抛物线形、平底半立方抛物线形)进行了比较,结果表明,在过流面积或湿周一定的情况下,平底悬链线形断面的过流能力最大,相反,在流量一定的情况下,平底悬链线形断面的过流面积、湿周、水面宽度是最小的。与传统的悬链线形渠道进行了比较,增加平底后,在同等条件下,平底悬链线形渠道水力最优断面的过流能力不仅没有降低,反而增加了,意味着其经济性也优于传统的悬链线断面。研究为平底悬链线形渠道设计提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

Optimization of a Novel Vegetable Nursery Substrate Using Date Palm Wastes Peat and Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi     

Najla Dhen  Imen Ben Ammar  Chokri Bayoudh  Bouthaina Al Mohandes Dridi 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2019,50(8):959-973

Quality of vegetable seedlings is affected by nursery management practices, essentially growing media. For sustainable greenhouse horticulture, it is important to characterize biologically based approaches to improve plantlet quality. Here, we investigate the possibility of developing a biotized growth substrate for nursery production using date palm wastes (DPWs) peat as an alternative to commercial sphagnum peat and indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A greenhouse experiment was established using different rates of DPWs peat to substitute commercial peat in both conventional and organic nursery production systems. Lettuce seedlings were inoculated or not with native AMF isolated from plots with conventional or organic production system (CM and OM respectively). When lettuce plantlets attained commercial size, a microscopic observation revealed that the establishment of mycorrhizal association was successful in all mixtures of growing media. Significant increase in growth parameters (height shoot, number and area of leaves, shoot and root biomass) were observed on plantlets inoculated with indigenous AMF isolated from organic plot compared to those isolated from conventional plot and to control (without AMF). Commercial peat partial substitution with DPWs peat in proportion of 25–50% improves better lettuce performance than complete-peat use. Consequently, these mixtures seem to be an appropriate formulation for sustainable nursery production.  相似文献   

YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ALMOND,PEACH AND PLUM UNDER REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION     

Rachid RAZOUK  Abdellah KAJJI  Anas HAMDANI  Jamal CHARAFI  Lahcen HSSAINI  Said BOUDA 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2021,8(4):583-593

• Regulated deficit irrigation was assessed in almond, peach and plum over 3 years.• Fruit-growth slowdown stages are appropriate periods to apply deficit irrigation.• Peach yields were unaffected under a regulated deficit irrigation of 75% ET_C.• Regulated deficit irrigation of 50% ET_C maintained yields of almond and plum.• Fruit quality improved under regulated deficit irrigation.The effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the performance of almond cv. Tuono, peach cv. JH-Hall and plum cv. Stanley were assessed on the Saiss Plain (NW, Morocco) over three consecutive growing seasons (2011–2013). Irrigation treatments consisted of a control, irrigation applied to fully satisfy crop water requirements (100% ET_C), and two RDI treatments, irrigation applied to 75% ET_C (RDI-75) and 50% ET_C (RDI-50). These three treatments were applied during fruit-growth slowdown periods corresponding to Stages II and III in almond and Stage II in peach and plum. Yield and fruit quality traits were determined. The effect of RDI differed between species. Yield and fruit size were reduced significantly only in peach under RDI-50. Fruit quality improved in this species in the first year of the experiment, with an increase of sugar/acid ratio and polyphenol content. Plum quality also improved but the effects were significant only in the second and third years. Similar results were recorded in almond kernel, but their epidermal grooves were deeper under RDI-50, and this may have affected their commercial value. It is concluded that water can be saved during the fruit-growth slowdown period by up to 25% in peach and 50% in almond and plum with improvements in fruit quality without affecting total yield.  相似文献   

Serological investigation of horse sera for antibodies against mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas     

H. Kirchhoff  A.M. Ammar  J. Heitmann  H. Dubenkropp  R. Schmidt 《Veterinary microbiology》1982,7(2):147-156

Sera from horses with respiratory disease (RD) have been investigated using the complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme immune assay, and the metabolic inhibition test, and sera from mares after abortion, using the complement fixation test, indirect hemagglutination test and enzyme immune assay, for antibodies against Mycoplasma equirhinis, M. subdolum, M. equigenitalium, M. pulmonis, M. felis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, A. hippikon and A. equifetale. Antibodies were found against all mycoplasma and acholeplasma species tested, more often against acholeplasmas. The antibody pattern was quite similar for horses with RD and for mares after abortion. The results of the four serological tests performed showed only a limited correlation and the percentage of sera with antibodies detected by the four tests used differed widely.  相似文献   

Effect of age on the immune response of cattle experimentally infected with Babesia bigemina     

B.M.A. Latif  M.S. Said  S.R. Ali 《Veterinary parasitology》1979,5(4):307-314

Two different age groups of Holstein Friesian cattle were experimentally infected with Babesiabigemina. Calves of group A (6 months old) did not show noticeable symptoms of babesiosis and had relatively low (0.6%) numbers of parasites in their red blood cells (RBCs). Group B calves (1 year old) had typical signs of the disease; parasites were found in 6.6% of their RBCs. Blood from both groups inoculated into splenectomized calves at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months following initial inoculation demonstrated the presence of B. bigemina, while after 22 months no parasites could be demonstrated.The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test detected babesial antibodies at 4–5 days post inoculation (PI) and reached a maximum titre of 1 : 640 at 2 weeks PI. Following challenge at 2–3 months after initial inoculation, the antibody titre rose sharply to 1 : 2560, then decreased gradually but was still detectable 22 months PI. No correlation was found between antibody titre and the presence of the parasite hin the peripheral blood.  相似文献