Pyrethroid Exposure Reduces Growth and Development of Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Caterpillars     

Annie J Krueger  Kathryn Hanford  Thomas J Weissling  Ana M Vlez  Troy D Anderson 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2021,21(2)

Insecticide exposure has been identified as a contributing stressor to the decline in the North American monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) population. Monarch toxicity data are currently limited and available data focuses on lethal endpoints. This study examined the 72-h toxicity of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin, and their effects on growth and diet consumption. The toxicity of bifenthrin to caterpillars was lower than β-cyfluthrin after 72 h. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint for bifenthrin, but diet consumption and caterpillar growth were significantly reduced at sublethal levels of β-cyfluthrin. Using AgDRIFT spray drift assessment, the aerial application of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin is predicted to pose the greatest risk to fifth-instar caterpillars, with lethal insecticide deposition up to 28 m for bifenthrin and up to 23 m for β-cyfluthrin from treated edges of fields. Low boom ground applications are predicted to reduce distances of lethal insecticide exposure to 2 m from the treated field edge for bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin. Growth and survival of fifth-instar monarch caterpillars developing within the margins of a treated field may be significantly impacted following foliar applications of bifenthrin or β-cyfluthrin. These findings provide evidence that pyrethroid insecticides commonly used for soybean pest control are a potential risk to monarch caterpillars in agricultural landscapes.  相似文献   

Macroalgal meadow habitats support fish and fisheries in diverse tropical seascapes     

Christopher J. Fulton  Charlotte Berkstrm  Shaun K. Wilson  Rene A. Abesamis  Michael Bradley  Carolina kerlund  Luke T. Barrett  Abner A. Bucol  Dinorah H. Chacin  Karen M. Chong‐Seng  Darren J. Coker  Martial Depczynski  Linda Eggertsen  Maria Eggertsen  David Ellis  Richard D. Evans  Nicholas A. J. Graham  Andrew S. Hoey  Thomas H. Holmes  Michel Kulbicki  Priscilla T. Y. Leung  Paul K. S. Lam  Joshua van Lier  Paloma A. Matis  Mae M. Noble  Alejandro Prez‐Matus  Camilla Piggott  Ben T. Radford  Stina Tano  Paul Tinkler 《Fish and Fisheries》2020,21(4):700-717

Canopy‐forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life‐history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta‐analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal‐associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life‐history stage. Major overlap (40%–43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal‐associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal‐associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal‐associated fish and fisheries.  相似文献   

Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system in dogs     

William B. Thomas 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》1998,13(3):167-178

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The benthic impacts of a large cod farm — Are there indicators for environmental sustainability?     

Thomas D. Nickell  Chris J. Cromey  ngel Borja  Kenneth D. Black 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,295(3-4):226-237

A cod farm in Vidlin Voe, Shetland was at the time of the study the largest cod farm in Europe, and was started in 2003. Run according to organic principles, the farm consisted of 17  32 m diameter cages in the 3 km long sea loch (locally known as voe), which though extremely exposed at the mouth, is sheltered near the cages.Benthic macrofauna and physical/chemical sediment parameters were measured in the summer months of 2004, 2005 and 2006 as biomass increased in the growing cycle. A range of biotic indices showed the benthic environment was enriched at peak biomass of the farm, but by contrast, surficial CHN levels and organic matter were low and uniform. The commonly used sediment indicators redox, total organic carbon and total organic nitrogen did not correlate well with biotic indicators at this site. Predictions from a near-field particle tracking and resuspension model (CODMOD) and a simple nutrient enhancement box model of the voe system (Equilibrium Concentration Enhancement (ECE) model), were used to assess the assimilative capacity of the system.  相似文献   

The risk of parasite transfer to juvenile fishes by live copepod food with the example Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus     

Franz Lahnsteiner  Manfred Kletzl  Thomas Weismann 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,295(1-2):120-125

Natural zooplankton is a potential food resource for juvenile fish in fish farms as it is a good source of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. However, it is also a potential source of parasites and pathogens. The present study was conducted (1) to estimate the risk of parasite transfer by live copepod food under intensive farming conditions using the parasites Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus as example and (2) to look for strategies to avoid parasite infestation of juvenile fish.An easy and routinely applicable aniline blue staining method was developed to check the infestation levels of copepods with procercoids during the on-growing season of juvenile fish. From the copepod species occurring in zooplankton Cyclops spp. was infested frequently (9.4 ± 12.0%, maximum 38.7%), Diaptomus spp. infrequently (1.5 ± 1.6%, maximum 3.2%), Daphnia spp. never. Juvenile grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and corgonids, Coregonus sp., which had been fed with natural zooplankton revealed infestations rates with T. crassus of circa 5%, with T. nodulosus of circa 10%. As the occurrence of procercoids in the zooplankton was temporary limited, Triaenophorus infestation can be avoided by using artificial food instead of live copepods during the risky season.To prevent parasite infestation of juvenile fish methods were investigated to eradicate procercoids from copepods by chemical treatment (sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid treatment) and by freeze-thawing methods. Chemical methods failed to remove procercoids. In fish, which had been fed with frozen thawed zooplankton, no Triaenophorus spp. infestation was observed. Their survival rates were similar as in the control fed with live zooplankton, however the weight of the fish was significantly lower.  相似文献   

The effect of energy reserves and cryoprotectants on overwintering mortality in Mercenaria mercenaria notata (Say 1822) at two tidal levels     

Chantal Gionet  Elise Mayrand  Thomas Landry 《Aquaculture International》2009,17(6):589-605

The objective of this study is to identify possible causes of the high winter mortality noted in juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria notata in eastern Canada. The percentage mortality, shell growth, concentration of energy reserves, and production of cryoprotectant molecules were compared between notata and native quahogs kept at intertidal and subtidal levels. Overwintering mortality of the notata strain reached 47.2% and was 3–9 times higher than that of the native strain. Shell increment was higher in the native than in the notata strain and also at the intertidal than at the subtidal level. The quahogs from the subtidal zone had a higher concentration of protein than those from the intertidal zone in August and April but a lower concentration in February. The notata strain had a lower concentration of lipids and glucose (34.9 and 0.21 mg g⁻¹ dry weight) than the native strain (42.2 and 0.28 mg g⁻¹ dry weight). Thermal hysteresis was detected in none of the quahog groups. High winter mortality in the notata strain seems to be caused, in part, by a lower capacity to stock lipid compared with the native strain. The higher concentration of glucose in the native strain may favour survival in cold water by helping to reduce the freezing point of the animals’ fluids.  相似文献   

Retraction to: PSVIII-10 Genome-wide CNV analysis unravels a deletion associated with parasite resistance in Florida native sheep     

Brittany N Diehl  Andres A Pech-Cervantes  Thomas H Terrill  Ibukun M Ogunade  Owen Rae  Zaira M Estrada-Reyes 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(11)

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IR-Spektroskopie: Eine Schnellmethode zur Prognose der N-Wirkung und relevanten Parameter von Biokomposten     

Peter Capriel  Thomas Ebertseder  Lutz Popp  Reinhold Gutser 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1999,162(2):149-153

IR-spectroscopy: a rapid method to estimate the nitrogen effect and relevant parameters of biocomposts The suitability of infrared spectroscopy to estimate the short-term nitrogen effect and relevant parameters of biocomposts was investigated. Models were developed which are based on the infrared spectra (4000—400 cm^—1) of 81 different biocomposts. They enable an estimation of the nitrogen and yield effect in a pot trial, and a close prediction of relevant compost parameters (C_t, N_t, C_t/N_t, pH_5h). A major advantage compared with the conventional chemical and biological methods is the simultaneous prediction of the nitrogen and yield effect and relevant parameters from the IR spectrum of an ’unknown’︁ compost. In addition, the infrared spectroscopy is considerably more rapid.  相似文献   

Natural products as pesticides: Two examples of stereoselective synthesis     

Thomas Früh  Philippe Chemla  Jürg Ehrler  Saleem Farooq 《Pest management science》1996,46(1):37-47

The strategy and synthetic efforts leading to efficient stereoselective syntheses of thiangazole, a tris-thiazolinyl-oxazole metabolite isolated from Polyangium spp., and of hydantocidin, a spironucleoside metabolite isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, are discussed.  相似文献   

Genetic relationship of diploid wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis> spp.) species assessed by SSR markers     

Mehraj Abbasov  Zeynal Akparov  Thomas Gross  Sevda Babayeva  Vusala Izzatullayeva  Elchin Hajiyev  Khanbala Rustamov  Patrick Gross  Mehmet Tekin  Taner Akar  Shiaoman Chao  Robert Brueggeman 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2018,65(5):1441-1453

Genetic diversity of 139 accessions of diploid Triticum species including Triticum urartu, Triticum boeoticum and Triticum monococcum was studied using 11 SSR (simple sequence repeats) markers. A total of 111 alleles with an average of 10 alleles per locus were detected. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each SSR marker ranged from 0.30 to 0.90 with an average value of 0.62. Among the three Triticum species T. urartu had the highest number of total alleles (Na?=?81), private alleles (Npa?=?15) and showed higher genetic diversity (Hex?=?0.58; PIC?=?0.54). The genotypes from Turkey exhibited the highest genetic diversity (PIC?=?0.6), while the least diversity was observed among 4 Georgian accessions (PIC?=?0.11). Cluster analysis was able to distinguish 139 wheat accessions at the species level. The highest genetic similarity (GS) was noted between T. boeticum and T. monococcum (GS?=?0.84), and the lowest between T. urartu and T. monococcum (GS?=?0.46). The grouping pattern of the PCoA analysis corresponded with cluster analysis. No significant differences were found in clustering of T. urartu and T. monococcum accessions with respect to their geographic regions, while within T. boeoticum species, accessions from Iran were somewhat associated with their geographical origin and clustered as a close and separate group. The results from our study demonstrated that SSR markers were good enough for further genetic diversity analysis in einkorn wheat species.  相似文献