Evaluating wildlife tourism exposure to Florida manatees using citizen science,public interviews,and trail cameras     

Beth Brady  Gabrielle Carroll  Giulia Costa  Eric Angel Ramos 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2024,34(4):e4140

孵化厂曲霉菌病的控制     

Angel I.Salzar  孙占田  刘志敏 《中国畜牧兽医》2000,27(5):40-41

曲霉病是由曲霉菌引起的一种疾病 ,多数由烟曲霉引起 ,在一些情况下也发生黄曲霉病。曲霉孢子随处可见 ,当家禽管理和卫生条件不佳时 ,经常发生曲霉病。烟曲霉生长在禽舍腐烂的有机物如家禽垫料中 ,在孵化厂则生长在种蛋保存器、出雏器和灰尘中。真菌也可在家禽的某些组织如肺中生长繁殖。黄曲霉孢子的体积相当大 ,因此侵害肺组织的能力小于烟曲霉。数个家禽品种容易感染曲霉病 ,幼雏鸡、雏火鸡等是最常见的宿主。孵化过程中的胚胎对烟曲霉感染非常敏感。发育中的胚胎通常是在种禽场、孵化厂以及种蛋运输过程中受到污染而引起感染。因此入孵…  相似文献   

In vitro selection of an effective fungicide against Armillaria mellea and control of white root rot of grapevine in the field     

Aguín O  Mansilla JP  Sainz MJ 《Pest management science》2006,62(3):223-228

Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr) Kummer is an aggressive pathogen which causes white root rot in a wide range of hosts. Most chemicals tested so far against Armillaria, both in vitro and in the field, have not been effective in reducing fungal growth and/or preventing plant decline and mortality. In the present work the effects of four DMI (sterol demethylation inhibitor) fungicides, cyproconazole, hexaconazole, propiconazole and tetraconazole, and another six downwardly mobile systemic chemicals, azoxystrobin, cubiet (copper bis(ethoxy-dihydroxy-diethylamino)sulfate), fosetyl-Al, potassium phosphite, sodium tetrathiocarbonate (STTC) and 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), on the mycelial growth of A. mellea were compared and evaluated; the product yielding the best results in in vitro experiments was selected to determine its efficacy in preventing decline and mortality of grapevines in the field. Best results on in vitro fungal growth reduction were obtained with the four azoles tested, in particular with cyproconazole and hexaconazole, achieving 67-72% mycelial growth inhibition at the lowest dose. Results obtained in the field showed that a dose of 50 mg AI litre(-1) of cyproconazole once or twice a year was efficient in controlling the disease even in vines seriously affected by the pathogen. However, further research is required to study minimum effective doses, residual effects and the convenience of the application of annual dressings in damaged vineyards, so as to gradually reduce the pathogen inoculum potential in soil and control the disease while reducing chemical residues in the plant and preventing development of fungal resistance.  相似文献   

Pheromone‐based integrated pest management to control the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in cabbage fields     

Gadi Venkata Prasad Reddy  Angel Guerrero 《Pest management science》2000,56(10):882-888

Biorational and regular insecticide applications were evaluated for management of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) in Karnataka State, India, in 1996 and 1997. The IPM programme, based on the pheromone trap catch threshold of eight moths per trap per night, included utilization of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae. (250 000 adults ha⁻¹), the predator Chrysoperla carnea (2500 eggs ha⁻¹), the neem‐based chemical nimbecidine (625 ml ha⁻¹), the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (500 ml ha⁻¹), and the synthetic insecticide phosalone (2.8 litre ha⁻¹). The IPM programme induced a reduction of trap catches, egg and larval populations and, therefore, a low level of damage to the crop. The economic analysis showed that the cost of the IPM treatments was also considerably lower than that of ordinary insecticide practice (average of $62 relative to $123 ha⁻¹, respectively). Gross profit was also clearly higher in IPM plots than in farmer's fields, ranging from $777 to $810 ha⁻¹ in the IPM plots compared with $456 to $462 ha⁻¹ in the insecticide‐treated fields. As a consequence of lower input costs and higher gross profit, net profit in IPM treatments was even more favourable, and the economic savings associated with the utilization of the IPM programme amounted to $380 ha⁻¹ in 1996 and $410 ha⁻¹ in 1997. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Direct interaction between wild fish aggregations at fish farms and fisheries activity at fishing grounds: a case study with Boops boops     

Pablo Arechavala‐Lopez  Pablo Sanchez‐Jerez  Just Bayle‐Sempere  Damián Fernandez‐Jover  Laura Martinez‐Rubio  José Angel Lopez‐Jimenez  Francisco Javier Martinez‐Lopez 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(7):996-1010

Coastal aquaculture installations concentrate large numbers of wild fish species of both ecological and economic importance, including schools of bogue, Boops boops (L.), in high abundance and biomass. The aggregated species consume large quantities of the easily available pellets lost from cages. As a consequence, the physical condition of farm‐associated wild fish is increased and their physiology is altered. These changes may influence local fisheries as many of these aggregating species are targeted by fishers. We assess whether local fishers catch wild fish that have previously aggregated at fish farms by comparing the body condition, trophic indexes, diet overlap and the fatty acid (FA) composition of B. boops obtained from local fish markets and around fish farms. Bogue captured by trammel‐nets and around fish farms facilities presented a similar biological condition, as well as high quantities of pellets in the gut, and their FA profile was affected by vegetal‐derived FAs. In contrast, bogue captured by trawlers were not influenced by fish farms, as they consumed natural trophic resources. We conclude that artisanal fishers exploit these aggregated fish populations once they have dispersed away from farms, and benefit from a ‘biomass export’ from fish farms at a local scale.  相似文献   

Dietary microorganism and plant effects on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus     

Viridiana Peraza‐Gómez  Antonio Luna‐González  Ángel I Campa‐Córdova  Jesús A Fierro‐Coronado  Héctor A González Ocampo  Juan Carlos Sainz‐Hernández 《Aquaculture Research》2011,42(4):559-570

The effect of plants and probiotics on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was evaluated. A probiotic mixture (PM), plant extract (PE) or powdered plants (PP) were added to feed with the attractant Dry Oil^®. An experiment was conducted with five treatments in triplicate. Shrimp (weighing 11.70±2.5 g) were cultured in 120 L plastic tanks and fed twice a day with commercial feed plus additives or with commercial feed plus WSSV. Animals were monitored for the occurrence of WSSV using single‐step and nested PCR. The PM and PP added to the commercial feed showed high survival, a decrease in WSSV prevalence in shrimp and an increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase. The total haemocyte count in shrimp treated with PM was significantly higher than that in the control group (treatment I) and in shrimp fed with PE. The results of the present work indicate that PP and PM are good candidates for use as feed additives against WSSV in shrimp cultures.  相似文献   

Effects of vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and color retention of salted calf muscle from a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

R Granit  S Angel  B Akiri  Z Holzer  Y Aharoni  A Orlov  J Kanner 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(12):5951-5956

The color of fresh meat is one of the most important quality criteria of raw muscle foods. This red color is principally due to the presence of oxymyoglobin. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the addition of NaCl, and the influence of dietary supplementation with vitamin E on calf muscle oxymyoglobin oxidation (color) and lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E was added to the feed at a concentration of 4000 mg/day for 90 days before slaughter. This diet increased the alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle membrane from 2.6-2.8 to 6.5-7.0 microg/g of fresh weight. It was found that the diet rich in PUFA and, especially, the addition of NaCl increased muscle lipid peroxidation and oxymyoglobin oxidation as indicated by the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and substances that impaired color value readings during storage at 4 degrees C. Both undesirable reactions during storage were controlled very efficiently by the presence of a critically high concentration of alpha-tocopherol in the muscle tissues. The findings concerning the antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol in this study form additional evidence of its efficient protection against oxidative reactions during storage of muscle tissues and its potential to maintain a high nutritional value in them.  相似文献   

The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes     

Floudas D  Binder M  Riley R  Barry K  Blanchette RA  Henrissat B  Martínez AT  Otillar R  Spatafora JW  Yadav JS  Aerts A  Benoit I  Boyd A  Carlson A  Copeland A  Coutinho PM  de Vries RP  Ferreira P  Findley K  Foster B  Gaskell J  Glotzer D  Górecki P  Heitman J  Hesse C  Hori C  Igarashi K  Jurgens JA  Kallen N  Kersten P  Kohler A  Kües U  Kumar TK  Kuo A  LaButti K  Larrondo LF  Lindquist E  Ling A  Lombard V  Lucas S  Lundell T  Martin R  McLaughlin DJ  Morgenstern I  Morin E  Murat C  Nagy LG  Nolan M  Ohm RA  Patyshakuliyeva A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1715-1719

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.  相似文献   

Early-life longitudinal survey of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in Beagle dogs     

A Villaescusa  M García-Sancho  F Rodríguez-Franco  A Sainz 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,149(1-2):126-131

A longitudinal study of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets from 7 to 15 months of age was performed in Beagle dogs employing a multiparametric flow cytometry. The data were compared with data obtained from adult Beagle dogs that were housed in the same animal facilities and that were subjected to the same controls during the 34 weeks of the study. Absolute counts of total lymphocytes and CD3+ T, CD3+CD4+ Th and CD21+ B lymphocytes decreased during the entire 34 weeks period of the study in the young dogs group. The same was observed with regard to the percentage of CD3+CD4+ Th lymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio, while the percentage of CD3+CD8+ Tc lymphocytes increased from 7 to 15 months of age. These age-related changes found in lymphocyte subsets distribution of young dogs led to level the absolute and relative values of adult dog lymphocytes. The observations of this longitudinal study illustrate the changes related to maturation of lymphocyte subsets that occur during early life in Beagle dogs.  相似文献   

Changes in digestive enzyme activities during the early ontogeny of the South American cichlid (Cichlasoma dimerus)     

Toledo-Solís  Francisco Javier  Hilerio-Ruiz  Andrea Guadalupe  Delgadin  Tomás  Sirkin  Daniela Pérez  Di Yorio  María Paula  Vissio  Paula Gabriela  Peña-Marín  Emyr Saul  Martínez-García  Rafael  Maytorena-Verdugo  Claudia Ivette  Álvarez-González  Carlos Alfonso  de Rodrigáñez  Miguel Angel Sáenz 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2021,47(4):1211-1227

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Cichlasoma dimerus is a neotropical cichlid that has been used as a biological model for neuroendocrinology studies. However, its culture is problematic in terms...  相似文献