The alarmin interleukin-33 drives protective antiviral CD8⁺ T cell responses     

Bonilla WV  Fröhlich A  Senn K  Kallert S  Fernandez M  Johnson S  Kreutzfeldt M  Hegazy AN  Schrick C  Fallon PG  Klemenz R  Nakae S  Adler H  Merkler D  Löhning M  Pinschewer DD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6071):984-989

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns decisively influence antiviral immune responses, whereas the contribution of endogenous signals of tissue damage, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins, remains ill defined. We show that interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin released from necrotic cells, is necessary for potent CD8(+) T cell (CTL) responses to replicating, prototypic RNA and DNA viruses in mice. IL-33 signaled through its receptor on activated CTLs, enhanced clonal expansion in a CTL-intrinsic fashion, determined plurifunctional effector cell differentiation, and was necessary for virus control. Moreover, recombinant IL-33 augmented vaccine-induced CTL responses. Radio-resistant cells of the splenic T cell zone produced IL-33, and efficient CTL responses required IL-33 from radio-resistant cells but not from hematopoietic cells. Thus, alarmin release by radio-resistant cells orchestrates protective antiviral CTL responses.  相似文献   

Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Raimund Haberl  Stefano Grego  Günter Langergraber  Robert H. Kadlec  Anna-Rita Cicalini  Susete Martins Dias  Julio M. Novais  Sylvie Aubert  Andre Gerth  Hartmut Thomas  Anja Hebner 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(2):109-124

Background  Constructed wetlands (wetland treatment systems) are wetlands designed to improve water quality. They use the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but have the flexibility of being constructed. As in natural wetlands vegetation, soil and hydrology are the major components. Different soil types and plant species are used in constructed wetlands. Regarding hydrology surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands are the main types. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are further subdivided into horizontal or vertical flow. Many constructed wetlands deal with domestic wastewater where BOD and COD (Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand respectively) are used as a sum parameter for organic matter. However, also special organic compounds can be removed. Objective  The objectives are to summarise the state-of-the-art on constructed wetlands for treatment of specific organic compounds, to the present the lack of knowledge, and to derive future research needs. Methods  Case studies in combination with a literature review are used to summarise the available knowledge on removal processes for specific organic compounds. Results and Discussion  Case studies are presented for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with aromatic organic compounds, and sulphonated anthraquinones, olive mill wastewater, landfill leachate, and groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons, cyanides, chlorinated volatile organics, and explosives. In general the removal efficiency for organic contaminants is high in all presented studies. Conclusion  Constructed wetlands are an effective and low cost way to treat water polluted with organic compounds. There is a lack of knowledge on the detailed removal pathways for most of the contaminants. Removal rates as well as optimal plant species are substance-specific, and also typically not available. If a constructed wetland provides different environmental conditions and uses different plant species the treatment efficiency can be improved. Recommendations and Outlook  There is a great need to lighten the black box ‘constructed wetland’ to obtain performance data for both microbial activity and the contribution of the plants to the overall removal process. Also genetic modified plants should be considered to enhance the treatment performance of constructed wetlands for specific compounds.  相似文献   

Bound fumonisin B1: analysis of fumonisin-B1 glyco and amino acid conjugates by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry     

Seefelder W  Knecht A  Humpf HU 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(18):5567-5573

To study the formation of fumonisin artifacts and the binding of fumonisins to matrix components (e.g., saccharides and proteins) in thermal-treated food, model experiments were performed. Fumonisin B(1) and hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) were incubated with alpha-d-glucose and sucrose (mono- and disaccharide models), with methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside (starch model), and with the amino acid derivatives N-alpha-acetyl-l-lysine methyl ester and BOC-l-cysteine methyl ester (protein models). The reaction products formed were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The incubation of d-glucose with fumonisin B(1) or hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) resulted in the formation of Amadori rearrangement products. Whereas conjugates were found following the reaction of sucrose, methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, and the amino acid derivatives with fumonisin B(1), the heating with hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) yielded no artifacts. For structural determination, the stable reaction product formed by heating of methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside (as starch model) with fumonisin B(1) was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the diester of the fumonisin tricarballylic acid side chains with methyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside. These model experiments demonstrate that fumonisins are able to bind to polysaccharides and proteins via their two tricarballylic acid side chains.  相似文献   

Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of Culicoides hypersensitivity in horses: an update     

Eliane Marti  Ella N. Novotny  Iva Cvitas  Anja Ziegler  A. Douglas Wilson  Sigurbjörg Torsteinsdottir  Antonia Fettelschoss-Gabriel  Sigridur Jonsdottir 《Veterinary dermatology》2021,32(6):579-e156

Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) is a strongly pruritic dermatitis of horses, characterised histologically by mixed perivascular to diffuse cellular infiltrates of mononuclear cells and eosinophils, and caused by helper T cell (Th)2, immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated reactions to antigens present in the saliva of biting Culicoides midges. As treatment of CH is still not satisfactory, a better knowledge of the pathogenesis of CH is needed for the development of new therapeutic modalities. Accordingly, availability of pure Culicoides allergens instead of crude whole body extracts is essential for the improvement of in vitro diagnosis of CH and development of a more effective allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Beside the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, recent studies have shown the involvement of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-5 and IL-31 in the pathogenesis of CH. The importance of IL-5 and IL-31 has been confirmed through targeting these cytokines by active immunisation of CH patients, resulting in a significant decrease of CH lesion scores. Thirty Culicoides salivary allergens have been described over the last 10 years and produced as pure recombinant (r-) proteins. Use of a protein microarray has allowed the identification of the most relevant Culicoides r-allergens for CH in central and northern Europe. An immunisation protocol has been developed for preventive AIT against CH. Small amounts of r-Culicoides allergens injected into the submandibular lymph nodes with Alum/MPLA as adjuvants seem to induce a suitable immune response for both preventive and therapeutic AIT. The next years will reveal whether these recent advancements will translate into an improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CH.  相似文献   

Large-scale detection and quantification of harmful soil compaction in a post-mining landscape using multi-configuration electromagnetic induction     

Jessica Schmäck  Lutz Weihermüller  Anja Klotzsche  Christian von Hebel  Stefan Pätzold  Gerhard Welp  Harry Vereecken 《Soil Use and Management》2022,38(1):212-228

Fast and accurate large-scale localization and quantification of harmfully compacted soils in recultivated post-mining landscapes are of particular importance for mining companies and the following farmers. The use of heavy machinery during recultivation imposes soil stress and can cause irreversible subsoil compaction limiting crop growth in the long term. To overcome or guide classical point-scale methods to determine compaction, fast methods covering large areas are required. In our study, a recultivated field of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with known variability in crop performance was intensively studied using non-invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrode-based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil bulk density, volumetric soil water content and soil textures were analysed along two transects covering different compaction levels. The results showed that the measured EMI apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) along the transects was highly correlated (R² > .7 for different dates and depths below 0.3 m) to subsoil bulk density. Finally, the correlations established along the transects were used to predict harmful subsoil compaction within the field, whereby a spatial probabilistic map of zones of harmful compaction was developed. In general, the results revealed the feasibility of using the EMI derived ECa to predict harmful compaction. They can be the basis for quick monitoring of the recultivation process and implementation of necessary melioration to return a well-structured soil with good water and nutrient accessibility, and rooting depths for increased crop yields to the farmers.  相似文献   

Improving the diet of employees at blue-collar worksites: results from the 'Food at Work' intervention study     

Lassen AD  Thorsen AV  Sommer HM  Fagt S  Trolle E  Biltoft-Jensen A  Tetens I 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(6):965-974

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Relative validity of the pre-coded food diary used in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity     

Knudsen VK  Gille MB  Nielsen TH  Christensen T  Fagt S  Biltoft-Jensen A 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(12):2110-2116

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Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Commercially Available Microalgae Powders     

Fabian Sandgruber  Annekathrin Gielsdorf  Anja C. Baur  Benjamin Schenz  Sandra Marie Müller  Tanja Schwerdtle  Gabriele I. Stangl  Carola Griehl  Stefan Lorkowski  Christine Dawczynski 《Marine drugs》2021,19(6)

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B₁₂, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.  相似文献   

Soil CO2 evolution rates in the field – a comparison of three methods     

Evelyn Müller  Nils Rottmann  Anja Bergstermann  Holger Wildhagen 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(6):597-608

In this field study, three methods for determining soil CO₂ evolution rates were compared: (1) a static chamber method and (2) a dynamic chamber method, both with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of air samples, and (3) a dynamic chamber system using a portable infrared gas analyzer (CIRAS). The mean CO₂ evolution rate in the field increased in the order static chamber-GC < dynamic chamber-GC < dynamic chamber-CIRAS by 40%. The CO₂ evolution rates obtained using the three methods were significantly correlated. None of the three methods was significantly affected by soil moisture or soil temperature. This has been repeatedly observed by others, but is still not fully understood. The difference between air and soil temperature had strong negative effects on both GC methods, but not on the CIRAS system.  相似文献   

Tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporters of newly developed maize (Zea mays) hybrids contribute to salt resistance during the second phase of salt stress     

Britta Pitann  Abdel‐Kareem Mohamed  Anja B. Neubert  Sven Schubert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2013,176(2):148-156

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