The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Merchant SS  Prochnik SE  Vallon O  Harris EH  Karpowicz SJ  Witman GB  Terry A  Salamov A  Fritz-Laylin LK  Maréchal-Drouard L  Marshall WF  Qu LH  Nelson DR  Sanderfoot AA  Spalding MH  Kapitonov VV  Ren Q  Ferris P  Lindquist E  Shapiro H  Lucas SM  Grimwood J  Schmutz J  Cardol P  Cerutti H  Chanfreau G  Chen CL  Cognat V  Croft MT  Dent R  Dutcher S  Fernández E  Fukuzawa H  González-Ballester D  González-Halphen D  Hallmann A  Hanikenne M  Hippler M  Inwood W  Jabbari K  Kalanon M  Kuras R  Lefebvre PA  Lemaire SD  Lobanov AV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5848):245-250

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the approximately 120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella.  相似文献   

Baking quality of wheat grain with regard to agrotechnical arrangements and location     

Anton Tajnšek  Ema Pavlic Nikolic  Barbara Ceh  Lena Tajnšek 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):589-603

The impact of the system of management of organic matter and mineral N fertilisation on wheat grain quality was investigated within a long-term IOSDV field experiment at Raki?an (south-western Pannonic-Continental climate) and at Jable (subalpine climate near Ljubljana, Slovenia). In addition to confirmation of the known fact that climatic conditions impact on the quality of wheat, a significant influence of the method of organic fertilisation and the mineral N rate on wheat quality (water absorption, also some direct indicators – quality group, bread shape, crust colour, crust appearance) was detected. FYM applications (30 t ha^?1 [1 LU ha^?1]) were reflected in more favourable values of direct and indirect quality indicators compared to the system of ploughing in straw. With wheat cultivar Reska indirect quality parameters (protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, falling number, water absorption, flour analyses made by amylograph, extensiograph and farynograph) were not in accordance with the final score of bread made after the baking test. In setting the redemption price (in 2003/2004) parameters which reflect actual bread quality are insufficiently considered, so producers are more orientated to achieving a high grain yield than assuring high grain quality.  相似文献   

THE RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THORACOLUMBAR DISC DISEASE IN THE DACHSHUND     

Robert M.  Kirberger  MMedVet  Cornelis J.  Roos  MMedVet  MMedVet  Anton M.  Lubbe  MMedVet 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1992,33(5):255-261

The accuracy of survey radiographs in the diagnosis of acute thoracolumbar disc disease in 36 Dachshunds was determined by comparison with lumbar myelographic findings using iohexol. The value of making radiographs immediately after injection of contrast medium and the effectiveness of oblique radiographs in determining the exact circumferential distribution of extruding or protruding disc material were assessed. The presence of a double contrast medium column, resistance to injection and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid flow during needle placement was also evaluated. The location of the affected disc was accurately determined on survey radiographs in only 26 dogs. The myelographic technique used in this study resulted in the correct intervertebral space being identified, together with the exact circumferential distribution of disc material, in 35 dogs. Survey radiographs alone are inadequate for localization of protruding or extruding disc material.  相似文献   

Illustrated report: forestomach actinomycosis with partial obstruction of the dome of the rumen opening in a breeding animal     

A Pernthaner 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,97(9):368-369

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Virulence and diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Blumeria graminis</Emphasis> f.sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hordei</Emphasis> in East China     

Antonín Dreiseitl  Junmei Wang 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(4):357-368

Four hundred and sixty-one isolates of Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei were obtained from eight populations occurring on cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) at four geographically distant locations in China during 2003 and 2004. Their virulence frequency was determined on 30 differential lines. No isolate was virulent on differential lines possessing the resistance genes Mla1, Mla3, Mla6, Mla7, Mla9, Mla12, Mla13, Mlat, Mlg, Mla10, Mla22, Mla23, Mlp1, Ml(N81) and Mlmw. Virulences to the first nine resistance genes are prevalent in Europe and constitute the main part of genetic distance between Chinese and European populations. Conversely, no isolate was avirulent on the differential lines possessing the genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch). The frequencies of isolates overcoming the genes Mla2, Mla11, Mlk1 and Mlk2 were .4–9.3%, and frequencies of isolates overcoming the genes Mlh, MlLa, Ml(Bw), Mlra, Ml(Ru2), mlw, MlGa, MlWo and Mlnn ranged from 18.2% to 98.7%. Based on reactions of differential lines possessing the genes Mlk1, Mlh, MlLa, Ml(Bw), Mlra and Ml(Ru2), pathotypes were identified and diversity parameters calculated. Eleven of 22 detected pathotypes were found in both years and comprised 94.6% of isolates. Generally, the populations from different locations in 1 year were more closely related than populations collected from the same locations in different years. Complete effectiveness of the resistance genes, for which no corresponding virulences were found, will allow Chinese breeders to access many modern European barley cultivars that are fully resistant to powdery mildew in China, including those possessing the non-host resistance gene mlo.  相似文献   

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Barbara Amon  Vitaliy Kryvoruchko  Martina Frhlich  Thomas Amon  Alfred Pllinger  Irene Msenbacher  Anton Hausleitner 《Livestock Science》2007,112(3):199-207

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.  相似文献   

Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit einer Kombinationsvaccine gegen virusbedingte,respiratorische Erkrankungen des Hundes („Zwingerhustenrdquor;, kennel cough,infektiöse Tracheobronchitis)     

Anton Mayr  Barbara Bibrack 《Zoonoses and public health》1977,24(7):593-606

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Einfluß verschiedener Ernährung und anderer Wachtumsfaktoren auf die Aktivität der Oxydationsenzyme in Pflanzen     

Anton Amberger 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1960,7(3):249-272

Zusammenfassung In Wasserkulturversuchen wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Mineralstoffernährung und anderer Wachstumsfaktoren auf die Enzyme der terminalen Atmung in Pflanzen untersucht (Ascorbinatoxydase, Cytochromoxydase, Phenoloxydasen, Peroxydase, Katalase) und mit den entsprechenden Ertragsbestimmungen in Verbindung gebracht.1. Steigende Kaligaben senken die Aktivität der Oxydationsfermente bei gleichzeitiger Zunahme der Substanzproduktion. Einseitig hohe Kalidüngung führt zu einem gewissen Ertragsrückgang, verbunden mit erneutem Anstieg der Enzymtätigkeit. Die Katalaseaktivität nimmt mit der Kalidüngung in der Regel zu; Pflanzen mit schwachem Kalimangel weisen vorübergehend eine stark erhöhte Katalasetätigkeit auf.2. Mit zunehmender Stickstoffernährung steigen die Erträge sowie die Aktivitäten aller oxydierenden Enzyme an. Pflanzen, die unter starkem N-Mangel leiden, weisen eine sehr niedrige Oxydasetätigkeit auf, dagegen führt schwacher bis mäßiger Stickstoffmangel zu einer auffallenden Betonung einzelner offenbar sehr wichtiger Atmungsenzyme.3. Eine Steigerung der Phosphorsäure erhöht die Aktivität der Atmungsenzyme ähnlich der Stickstoffdüngung, jedoch sind die relativen Unterschiede im ersteren Falle geringer. Bei schwachem oder mäßigem P-Mangel ist die Aktivität einzelner Enzyme stark überhöht.4. In Versuchen mit steigenden Borgaben finden wir die höchste Enzymaktivität unter ungünstigen Ernährungsbedingungen (Bormangel oder -überdüngung), die beide zu einer geringeren Substanzbildung führen. Optimal ernährte Pflanzen erzielen hohe Erträge bei normaler Atmungstätigkeit.5. Mit zunehmender Eisendüngung steigen Substanzproduktion und Aktivität aller Oxydationsenzyme an. Bei schwachem Eisenmangel sind einzelne Enzyme besonders hoch, in Pflanzen mit starken Mangelsymptomen dagegen alle sehr niedrig.6. Geringe Fluorgaben bewirken einen leichten Ertragsrückgang und eine schwach erhöhte Enzymaktivität. Höhere Fluorkonzentrationen führen schließlich zum völligen Zusammenbruch des Wachstums, begleitet von einem steilen Anstieg der Atmungsenzyme.7. Mangelnde Wasserversorgung führt zu einem starken Anstieg der Enzyme der terminalen Oxydation mit Ausnahme der Katalase.8. Licht hemmt die Aktivität aller untersuchten Oxydationsenzyme.

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Summary The influence of mineral nutrition, different water and light conditions on the enzymes of terminal oxidation (Ascorbinatoxidase, Phenoloxidases, Peroxidase, Katalase) has been studied in plants.Rising amounts of potassium lowered the activity of oxidizing enzymes and increased dry matter production. Extremely high amounts of potassium depressed yields and increased enzyme activity again. Nitrogen increased both yields and enzyme activities. Plants suffering from severe nitrogen-deficiency showed a very low oxidation activity, whereas slight or moderate nitrogen deficiency emphasized the activity of a few single respiration enzymes. Rising amounts of phosphorus influenced these enzymes in a similar way — but with smaller differences than nitrogen. In experiments with boron the highest enzyme activity was found in plants suffering from boron deficiency as well as boron toxicity together with a low dry matter production in both cases. Plants well dressed with boron obtained optimal yields and a relatively low respiration. Rising amounts of iron increased dry matter production and activity of all oxidizing enzymes. Slight iron deficiency showed high activity of single enzymes. Fluorine caused severe depression of yields and high enzyme activities.Water deficiency increased respiration strongly. Light inhibited the activity of all oxidizing enzymes examined.

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Resumé Les divers sels minéraux, et d'autres facteurs de croissance, donnés en milieu liquide (cultures sur solution) ont été étudiés quant à leur action sur les enzymes de la respiration terminale des végétaux (Oxydase de l'acide ascorbique, cytochromoxydase, phénoloxydase, peroxydase, catalase), en rapport avec les divers rendements obtenus sur ces milieux.1) Des doses croissantes d'ions K diminuent l'activité des ferments d'oxydation, tandis que la production de matière sèche croît. Une fumure potassique forte et déséquilibrée conduit à une certaine diminution de rendement, liée à une nouvelle augmentation de l'activité enzymatique. L'activité de la catalase augmente en général avec la fumure potassique; toutefois, des plantes souffrant d'une faible carence potassique ont montré passagèrement une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique.2) Des doses croissantes d'azote augmentent les rendements ainsi que l'activité de tous les enzymes d'oxydation. Les végétaux qui souffrent d'une forte carence en N, montrent une activité oxydasique faible; ceux qui sont soumis à une carence faible, ou modérée de N, montrent déjà une activité considérable de certains enzymes respiratoires apparemment fondamentaux.3) Des doses croissantes d'acide phosphorique augmentent l'activité des enzymes respiratoires, comme le fait l'azote; toutefois les différences relatives sont plus faibles dans ce cas. Dans le cas de carences faibles ou modérées en P, l'activité de certainens zymes est fortement exagérée.4) Dans le cas de doses croissantes de bore, le maximum d'activité enzymatique se place dans les conditions de nutrition les moins favorables (carence en bore, ou excès de bore), conditions qui conduisent l'une et l'autre à des diminutions de récoltes. Des plantes recevant la nourriture optima donnent de bons rendements, pour une activité respiratoire normale.5) Dans le cas de fumures en fer croissantes, la production de matière sèche, l'activité de tous les enzymes d'oxydation augmentent parallèlement. Pour une faible carence en fer, certains ferments sont remarquablement actifs chez les végétaux; pour une forte carence, tous les ferments sont sans exception à des taux très bas.6) De petites quantités de fluor déterminent une petite diminution de rendement, et une petite augmentation de l'activité enzymatique. Des quantités plus considérables de fluor arrêtent complètement la croissance, tout en augmentant brutalement le taux d'enzyme.7) Une alimentation en eau insuffisante détermine une forte augmentation des enzymes de l'oxydation terminale, à l'exception de la catalase.8) La lumière inhibe l'activité de tous les enzymes étudiés.

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Aus dem Agrikulturchemischen Institut Weihenstephan

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Auszug aus der Habilitationsarbeit, Techn. Hochschule München-Weihenstephan 1959.  相似文献   

Immunology. The immunological synapse--a multitasking system     

van Der Merwe PA  Davis SJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5559):1479-1480

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Brain serotonin concentration: elevation following intraperitoneal administration of melatonin   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

F Anton-Tay  C Chou  S Anton  R J Wurtman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,162(850):277-278

The intraperitoneal administration of melatonin to rats caused an increase in brain serotonin concentration, especially in the midbrain. This effect could be demonstrated within 20 minutes of melatonin administration and was not associated with changes in norepinephrine concentration.  相似文献