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41.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pilot hole (PH) diameter (0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.7, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, and 3.7 mm) on the biomechanical and microstructural performance of positive-profile threaded external skeletal fixation pins (3.18 mm inner diameter, 3.97 mm outer diameter) using cadaveric canine tibiae. Eight pins per pilot hole diameter (four pins per bone) were used to assess differences in end-insertional torque and pin pull-out strength. Histological evaluation of eight bicortical pin tracts per pilot hole diameter was accomplished using computer-interfaced videomicroscopy on specimens processed using a bulk-staining technique. Compared with no predrill, use of 2.7 mm PH increased end-insertional torque and pull-out strength by 25% and 13.5%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in biomechanical variables for the PH diameter range of 2.0 to 3.1 mm. Compared with no predrill, use of a 3.1 mm PH increased thread area by 18%. Microfracturing around the threads decreased as PH diameter increased. Damage to the interface at the entry and exit sites of both near and far cortices also decreased as PH diameter increased. It was concluded that predrilling a PH whose diameter approximates, but does not exceed the inner diameter of the positive profile pin will not only improve initial pin stability compared with no predrilling, but it will also reduce microstructural damage that may lead to excessive bone resorption and premature pin loosening.  相似文献   
42.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a laparoscopic technique using an endoscopic suturing device for the resection of the apex of the bladder and the umbilical structures in large-animal neonates. Study Design-Experimental study. Animals or Sample Population-Seven healthy male Holstein calves. METHODS: A laparoscopic technique for resection of the apex of the bladder was developed on 2 calf cadavers, then evaluated on 5 anesthetized calves. The calves were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and 4 ventral abdominal portals were used. The umbilical vessels were double-ligated using an endoscopic suturing device and subsequently transected. The apex of the bladder was transected between a row of laparoscopic clips applied near the apex and atraumatic laparoscopic forceps applied distally; then, the edges were apposed using an endoscopic suturing device. The dissected umbilical remnants were removed from the abdomen through a small incision centered at the umbilicus. One month later, the calves were euthanatized and a second-look laparoscopy performed; then, bladders were collected for gross and histologic examination. RESULTS: No major complications occurred during or after surgery. The endoscopic suturing device permitted both effective ligation of the umbilical vessels and closure of the bladder. During second-look laparoscopy, healing of the peritoneal surface of the bladder and umbilical vessels was assessed to be excellent in 4 calves. A focal adhesion of omentum to the bladder suture line was observed in 1 calf. Focal adhesions of the omentum to the umbilical incision site occurred in 2 calves. The bladder mucosa was completely healed at the surgical sites. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Resection of the apex of the bladder and umbilical vessels in calves can be accomplished laparoscopically using an endoscopic suturing device.  相似文献   
43.
A technique for satisfactory arthroscopic examination of the lateral and medial femorotibial joints of the horse is described. The entry portal is made between the middle and medial patellar ligaments with the horse on its back and the stifle flexed. This position allows easy access to view the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. From this reference point, examination of all but the most caudal and medial structures of the joints are possible by manipulating the sleeve and telescope and maintaining joint distention. In a series of 20 examinations, iatrogenic trauma was recognized only once.  相似文献   
44.
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45.
Conventional water-soluble iodine-containing contrast media such as salts of diatrizoic and iothalamic acids dissociate in solution resulting in preparations which are very high in osmolality. Intravascular or intrathecal injections of these compounds therefore represent severe physicochemical insult to the body, with many associated side effects. Contrast media with lower osmolalities have been produced in two ways: first by producing compounds which do not dissociate in solution (metrizamide, and more recently iopamidol and iohexol), and second by creating dimers (ioxaglate). These media provide significant clinical advantages over the conventional, hyperosmolar media. A new class of nonionizing dimers with even lower osmolalities are currently being investigated. This paper reviews the development of the low osmolar media, their advantages, and their use in medical and veterinary radiology.  相似文献   
46.
The femoropatellar joints of four mature, clinically normal horses were surgically entered by a craniolateral or a lateral approach. Visualization of intra-articular structures was documented for each approach. Horses were euthanized 21, 42, and 63 days after surgery. Joint healing was evaluated clinically, and the joints were subjected to gross pathological and histopathological examination. Healing was by first intention following arthrotomy in six limbs. Skin dehiscence occurred in two limbs with healing by second intention. Subcutaneous seromas developed which resulted in peri-incisional swelling in seven limbs. The lateral approach to the femoropatellar joint provided greater exposure of the lateral femoral trochlear ridge and articular surface of the patella.
Surgery was performed on nine joints of seven clinical patients with osteochondritis dissecans. The craniolateral approach was used on four joints, and the lateral approach was used on five joints. Skin dehiscence occurred following four arthrotomies. Location of the lesion was concluded to be the main criterion for selection of the surgical approach.  相似文献   
47.
Reference ranges for gastric emptying time (GET), small intestinal transit time (SITT), and colonic transit time of 1.5-mm and 5-mm radiopaque markers in healthy cats fed a high-fiber meal were determined, and the influence of low-dose diazepam intravenous injection on the gastrointestinal transit of the markers was examined. The mean GETs and SITTs, and the mean residence times (MRTs) and geometric centers (GCs) of markers in the colon were determined. The effect of intravenous diazepam injection and marker size on these parameters was examined. Diazepam injection had no significant influence on gastrointestinal transit. The GETs of the 1.5-mm markers were significantly more rapid than those of the 5.0-mm markers. There were no significant differences between the SITTs or GCs of the 1.5-mm and 5.0-mm markers. Reference values were developed for GET, SITT, and colonic transit of radiopaque markers for cats fed a high-fiber meal. Diazepam injection had no effect on these parameters.  相似文献   
48.
Objective: To evaluate age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status as risk factors for perianesthetic morbidity/mortality in cats. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Institution teaching hospital. Animals: 138 cats ≥ 6 months of age that received inhalation anesthesia for ≥ 30 min Interventions: Observations were made during the 24 h post‐anesthetic period. Measurements and main results: Sixty‐one females and 77 males were included. Serious perianesthetic complications occurred in 15 cats (15/138; 11%), including cardiopulmonary arrest in 3 cats (3/138; 2%), and death or euthanasia in 7 cats (7/138; 5%). Age was not a factor in establishing risk for developing serious or minor perianesthetic complications in the cats in this study. However, ASA status was a risk factor. Cats having an ASA status of 3 or more were nearly 4 times as likely to develop serious perianesthetic complications, even when accounting for the significant confounding effects of anesthesia duration. Conclusions: ASA status, but not age, was a risk factor for the development of serious or minor perianesthetic complications in the 138 cats included in this study.  相似文献   
49.
Thirteen healthy mixed breed dogs (6 female and 7 male) underwent rectal transection and resection of 0 to 6 cm using a dorsal approach. Rectoanal sphincter pressure studies were performed preoperatively and 6 weeks after surgery using a double balloon manometer device. Sphincter pressure profiles were altered in the 6 cm resection dogs. Clinical observations of defecation and degree of continence were made over a 10 week period postoperatively. The transection only and 4 cm resection dogs defecated normally. All dogs in the 6 cm resection group involving the peritoneal reflection were incontinent but retained some normal posturing behavior. Surgical complications included minor infection in two dogs, rectocutaneous fecal leakage in four dogs, breakdown of the anastomotic site in four dogs, and incontinence in all of the dogs that underwent 6 cm resections. Barium enemas were performed on the rectums postmortem to ascertain the degree of stricturing induced by the surgery. The index of stenosis measured did not correlate well with the extent of straining in each group. Histopathologic findings on dogs in the transection only and 4 cm resection groups without dehiscence showed mild granulomatous proctitis with normal myenteric plexi seen. Dogs suffering dehiscence had suppurative proctitis, necrosis, and obliteration of the myenteric plexi.  相似文献   
50.
OBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative diagnostic results that predict postoperative complications and survival in feline renal-transplant recipients. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Sixty-one feline renal allograft recipients. METHODS: Medical records for 61 consecutive cats that underwent renal allograft transplantation between January 1, 1996, and December 1, 1999, were reviewed. Age, diagnosis, body weight, body condition score, preoperative medical treatment, systolic blood pressure, packed cell volume, biochemical parameters at admission and at the time of surgery, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival were recorded. Associations of preoperative data with the occurrence of postoperative complications were determined using logistic regression. Postoperative survival was graphed using a Kaplan-Meier cumulative-survival plot. Associations of covariates with postoperative survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Two parameters were significantly associated with occurrence of postoperative central nervous system (CNS) disorders: blood urea nitrogen concentration (odds ratio = 1.083; 95% CI = 1.018 to 1.148) and serum creatinine concentration (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.413 to 2.187) at the time of surgery. Postoperative survival 6 months after transplantation was 59%, though 3-year survival remained at 42%. Of all covariates investigated, only recipient age (relative hazard = 1.183; 95% CI = 1.039 to 1.334) was significantly associated with survival. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standard measures of preoperative renal dysfunction do not predict postoperative survival in cats after renal transplantation, although an increase in the degree of preoperative azotemia is associated with an increased risk of CNS disorders after surgery. Increased recipient age is associated with decreased survival after renal transplantation.  相似文献   
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