Identification and characterization of two bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases diagnosed in the United States.   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jürgen A Richt  Robert A Kunkle  David Alt  Eric M Nicholson  Amir N Hamir  Stefanie Czub  John Kluge  Arthur J Davis  S Mark Hall 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2007,19(2):142-154

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, first detected in 1986 in the United Kingdom and subsequently in other countries. It is the most likely cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, but the origin of BSE has not been elucidated so far. This report describes the identification and characterization of two cases of BSE diagnosed in the United States. Case 1 (December 2003) exhibited spongiform changes in the obex area of the brainstem and the presence of the abnormal form of the prion protein, PrP(Sc), in the same brain area, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis. Initial suspect diagnosis of BSE for case 2 (November 2004) was made by a rapid ELISA-based BSE test. Case 2 did not exhibit unambiguous spongiform changes in the obex area, but PrP(Sc) was detected by IHC and enrichment Western blot analysis in the obex. Using Western blot analysis, PrP(Sc) from case 1 showed molecular features similar to typical BSE isolates, whereas PrP(Sc) from case 2 revealed an unusual molecular PrP(Sc) pattern: molecular mass of the unglycosylated and monoglycosylated isoform was higher than that of typical BSE isolates and case 2 was strongly labeled with antibody P4, which is consistent with a higher molecular mass. Sequencing of the prion protein gene of both BSE-positive animals revealed that the sequences of both animals were within [corrected] the range of the prion protein gene sequence diversity previously reported for cattle.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers.     

S D?nicke  O Simon  H Jeroch  K Keller  K Gl?ser  H Kluge  M R Bedford 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1999,52(3):245-261

A complete two by two by four factorial design was used to examine the main effects of dietary fat type (10% soya oil or 10% beef tallow), xylanase supplementation (with or without Avizyme 1300 at 1 g/kg diet) and pentosan level (7.7 g/kg, 11.0 g/kg, 14.3 g/kg and 17.6 g/kg soluble pentosans, respectively, by varying wheat/rye proportions) as well as their interactions on intestinal chyme conditions, nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilization in male broilers. Nutrient digestibilities for the total digestive tract and at various sites of small intestine were measured during the period from day 18 to 20 of age and at day 21 of age, respectively, using a marker technique. Jejunal and ileal supernatant viscosity increased in an exponential manner as dietary pentosan concentration was increased. This increase was more pronounced in tallow fed birds but was also found in enzyme treated groups albeit at a much lower level. Xylanase activity was still detectable in the ileum of birds fed enzyme supplemented diets but its activity was found to decrease as dietary pentosan content increased. Digestibility of crude protein and that of some amino acids at the terminal ileum was decreased as dietary pentosan content was increased and significantly improved by xylanase addition. No fat effect and no interactions were detected at this site. In contrast, measurements made over the whole gastrointestinal tract showed significantly lower protein and amino acid digestibility values for tallow fed birds, and significant higher enzyme effects especially in diets with higher pentosan concentrations. Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) content and net protein utilization decreased with increasing dietary pentosan content and were significantly improved by xylanase addition and were lower in tallow fed birds. Again, xylanase effects were found to be more pronounced for tallow fed birds and at higher pentosan concentrations.  相似文献   

Pediatric Clinical Pathology     

Benita von Dehn 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2014

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Defense of phalangid: liquid repellent administered by leg dabbing     

Eisner T  Kluge AF  Carrel JE  Meinwald J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1971,173(3997):650-652

The phalangid Vonones sayi has a pair of exocrine defensive glands that secrete quinones (2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4- benzoquinone). When distributed, the animal emits the secretion, dilutes it with aqueous regurgitated fluid, and effects dosaged delivery of the mixture by brushing it on the assailant with the tips of its forelegs. Predators such as ants are effectively repelled.  相似文献   

Einfluß technischer Behandlungen von Rapskuchen auf die Abbaubarkeit des Futterrohproteins im Pansen     

Von E. Dnner  J. Schmidt  H. Kluge  H. Nonn  H. Jeroch 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》1999,82(5):227-237

1 Einleitung und Problemstellung
Mit der Ausdehnung des Rapsanbaues in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nahm auch das Angebot an entfetteten Nachprodukten der Rapssaat zu. Das im Rahmen der GATT-Verhandlungen getroffene 'Blair-House-Abkommen' setzt jedoch einer Steigerung des Absatzpotentials und damit der Anbaufläche von Konsumraps in Europa entschiedene Grenzen. Neben der konventionellen Vermarktung als Konsumraps über die Handelsunternehmen kann auch die Ölgewinnung in dezentralen Anlagen ein zukunftsträchtiger Weg sein. Der beim Abpressen der Ölsaat in diesen Anlagen anfallende Rapskuchen stellt ein hochwertiges Eiweißfuttermittel für die Wiederkäuerfütterung mit einem Restölgehalt je nach Preßverfahren von 5–12% dar (H enkel und M osenthin 1989). Für eine optimale Einbeziehung von Rapskuchen als Proteinkomponente in Wiederkäuerrationen sind jedoch umfassende Kenntnisse über die Abbaubarkeit des Rohproteins im Pansen sowie Möglichkeiten zu deren Beeinflussung Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund wurde am Institut für Tierernährung der Agrarwissenschaftlichen Universität Mosonmagyaróvár (Ungarn) untersucht, welchen Einfluß eine technische Behandlung von Rapskuchen mittels Expander bzw. Extruder auf die Abbaubarkeit des Futterrohproteins in den Vormägen bei wachsenden Rindern hat. Die Untersuchungsbefunde sollen einen Informationsgewinn für den sachgerechten Einsatz von Rapskuchen in der Wiederkäuerfütterung liefern.  相似文献   

Reproductive performance of sows supplemented with dietary L-carnitine over three reproductive cycles.     

A Ramanau  H Kluge  J Spilke  K Eder 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》2002,56(4):287-296

The effect of L-carnitine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows was studied in two separate trials over three reproductive cycles. Both trials were identical in design and conduct but were performed with different animals. The trials comprised of a total of 127 sows (trial 1) and 100 sows (trial 2) which were divided into control and treatment groups. All animals were fed individually and received basic feed mixtures with low native carnitine concentrations. The rations of the sows in the treated group were supplemented with 125 mg L-carnitine per head and day during pregnancy and 250 mg L-carnitine per head and day during lactation. The animals of the control group received identical feed mixtures in identical amounts, but without the L-carnitine supplement. In the first trial, 212 litters were produced and evaluated for number and body weight of the animals, in the second trial, 173 litters were produced. L-carnitine supplementation significantly increased body weight gains of the sows between day 1 and day 85 of weaning. The number of born piglets, stillborn piglets and piglets fit for rearing was not influenced by dietary L-carnitine supplementation. However, L-carnitine supplementation significantly increased the weights of piglets and litters at birth, weight gains of litters during suckling and weights of litters at weaning. These effects of L-carnitine were seen in both trials; they were independent of the age of the sows and remained over three reproductive cycles in which the sows where continuously treated with L-carnitine. Overall, the study shows that dietary supplementation with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves the reproductive performance of sows over several reproductive cycles, independent of the age of the sows.  相似文献   

Studies on the tryptophan requirement of piglets.     

K Eder  S Peganova  H Kluge 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》2001,55(4):281-297

Three experiments were conducted to determine the requirement of tryptophan for piglets. In the first two experiments dose-response relationships between the dietary tryptophan concentration and performance criteria of piglets were examined in order to determine the dietary tryptophan concentration required for maximum performance. In the first experiment dietary tryptophan levels ranged from 1.09 to 2.32 g per kg, in the second experiment they ranged from 1.70 to 2.60 g per kg. In both experiments a close correlation was observed between the dietary tryptophan concentration and piglet performance criteria (feed intake, daily gains, feed efficiency). In the first experiment, regression analysis using a non-linear model revealed that the optima, defined as 95% of the asymptotic response in the model used, for feed intake and daily gains were achieved at tryptophan levels in excess of the highest concentration of 2.32 g per kg feed. The performance level of the piglets in this experiment was generally very low, however. In the second experiment feed intake, the optimum tryptophan concentration, defined as 95% of the asymptotic response, for daily gains and feed efficiency were achieved within a small range between 2.07 and 2.14 g tryptophan per kg feed, corresponding to 1.84 to 1.91 g precaecal digestible tryptophan per kg feed or 0.153 to 0.159 g tryptophan per MJ ME. These results suggest that the tryptophan concentration for maximum performance of piglets is probably higher than has been implied in numerous studies to date. The third experiment was set up to investigate the effect of the reduced feed intake and the effect of an inadequate tryptophan supply per se on the animals' growth. Here a two-factorial experimental design was used also by varying the energy density of the diet (13 vs. 14 MJ ME per kg feed). In addition to tryptophan deficient groups (1.5 g tryptophan per kg feed), this experiment contained conventional control groups (2.6 g tryptophan per kg feed, ad libitum feeding) and pair-fed control groups (2.6 g tryptophan per kg feed, feed intake identical to that of the tryptophan deficient group). The energy density had no significant effect on the animals' performance and increasing the energy density of the diet did not significantly affect feed and energy intake or daily gains of the tryptophan deficient animals. Feed intake, daily gains and feed efficiency of the tryptophan deficient groups were markedly poorer (by 30, 35 and 10%) than in the ad libitum control groups. When compared with the pair-fed control groups, on the other hand, the performance of the tryptophan deficient groups in terms of daily gains, feed conversion and energy efficiency was only slightly and not significant lower by 1, 4 and 3%, respectively. These results demonstrate conclusively that the growth depression in tryptophan deficiency is almost entirely due to the marked reduction in feed intake rather than to a direct limitation of protein accretion caused by an inadequate tryptophan supply.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary supplementation of l-carnitine on the reproductive performance of sows in production stocks     

A. Ramanau  H. Kluge  J. Spilke  K. Eder   《Livestock Science》2008,113(1):34-42

Investigations by Robinson [Robinson, D.L., 2007. Days to calving in artificially inseminated cattle: comparison of potential traits. Livestock Science 110, 174–180] concluded that the most useful trait for assessing fertility of artificially inseminated (AI) beef cows is AI days to calving (AIDC), a trait that mimics days to calving for naturally mated cows. Various fixed and random effects were fitted to AIDC to determine the best way of modelling lactation status of the cow, the effect of service sire, using smaller contemporary groups and lowering the penalty value for non-calvers. Fitting the time interval between calving and the start of mating either as a 10-level factor or a cubic spline function explained considerably more variation than fitting the standard 2-level factor (wet or dry). Estimated permanent environmental effects of the cow were considerably reduced. This suggests that, if a cow calves late in the season (less than 60 days before she is inseminated), her fertility is reduced. Models should therefore account for this effect. If fitted, service sire explained 1.6% of phenotypic variation, compared to a much larger sire × contemporary group interaction (3% of phenotypic variation). It is therefore important to account for sire × contemporary group interactions. When the fertility of service sires is not being evaluated, service sires could be incorporated into the definition of contemporary groups. Ideally, breeders should be encouraged to formally record contemporary (or mating) groups. Reducing the size of contemporary groups (inferred from the data) by limiting the time interval between first and last inseminations from 120 to 60 days had only a marginal effect as did reducing the penalty for non-calvers from 21 to 10 days.  相似文献   

Zur Wirkung von Follikelflüssigkeit auf die Befruchtung in vitro gereifter Oozyten des Rindes     

Martha Böttcher  Benita Kluge  Karin Tomalak  Elvira Meyer  W. Lange 《Reproduction in domestic animals》1992,27(2):101-111

Inhalt Follikelflüssigkeit aus Follikeln des Rindes am Tag des Östrus gewonnen, wurde als Serumanalogon zum Kultivierungsmedium TCM 199 zugesetzt. Die Supplementierung des TCM mit 20%östrischer Follikelflüssigkeit (ÖFF) in der Reifungsphase und während der Zygotenkultivierung erbrachte 6–7 Tage post inseminationem einen Anteil an Morulae und Blastozysten von 41,7% (30,8–47,8%). Eine Reduzierung des Anteils ÖFF auf 10% zog einen Abfall transfertauglicher Rinderembryonen auf 9,2% (2,6–16,9%) nach sich. In einer Kurzzeitkultivierung von bis zu 90 h post inseminationem wurden außerdem verschiedene Serumanaloga, im Anteil von 10%, wie fetales Kälberserum (FKS), ÖFF und Follikelflüssigkeit (NÖFF) aus nicht östrischen Follikeln (≥ 10mm Durchmesser) auf ihre Wirksamkeit während verschiedener In-vitro-Phasen verglichen. Von den drei getesteten Seren erwies sich die ÖFF als der wirksamste Zusatz mit 19,9% morphologisch intakten 8- bis 16-Zeller. Das Ergebnis scheint unabhängig davon, ob die Applikation kontinuierlich während aller In-vitro-Phasen oder nur in der Reifungsphase erfolgte. Eine Schlüsselposition der Oozy tenreifung für die In-vitro-Fertilisation wird besonders deutlich. Contents: Influence of follicular fluid on fertilization of in vitro matured bovine oocytes Follicular fluid obtained from bovine follicles on the day of estrus was added to TCM 199 culture medium as a serum analogue. TCM supplementation with 20% estric follicular fluid (EFF) during maturation and zygote cultivation produced a morulae and blastozyst yield of 41,7% (30,8–47,8%) 6–7 days after insemination. Reduction of the EFF fraction to 10% reduced the yield of transferable bovine embryos to 9,2% (2,6–16,9%). In a short term cultivation experiment lasting up to 90 h after insemination, the effects of 10% supplementation with different serum analogues fetal calf serum (FCS), EFF and follicular fluid (NEFF) fiom non-estric follicles (≥10mm diameter) during various in vitro phases were compared. EFF with a yield of 19,9% morphologically intact 8 to 16 cell stages proved to be the most effective of the three sera. This yield is not apparently affected by whether the serum is applied continuously during all phases of in vitro development or only during the maturation phase. The oocyte maturation phase is obviously the key phase for successful in vitro fertilization.  相似文献   

Lesions and localization of viral antigen in tissues of cattle with experimentally induced or naturally acquired mucosal disease, or with naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C L Wilhelmsen  S R Bolin  J F Ridpath  N F Cheville  J P Kluge 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(2):269-275

Tissues from cattle that died of experimentally induced mucosal disease (n = 3), naturally acquired mucosal disease (n = 6), or naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea (n = 4) were examined. Consistent findings were lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid tissues, degeneration of myenteric ganglion cells, and mild adrenalitis. Intracytoplasmic viral antigen was detected in myenteric ganglia and in endocrine glandular cells. Noncytopathic virus was isolated from all cattle, and cytopathic virus was isolated from 12 of 13 cattle.  相似文献