In this study, energy use patterns and the functional relationship between energy inputs and output for pomegranate production were investigated in Antalya province in Turkey. It further objective to identify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in pomegranate production. Data were obtained from 75 farms using face-to-face interview method. The results indicated that 50,605.5?MJ ? ha?1 of total energy input was required for 76,252.3?MG ? ha?1 pomegranate energy output. 1.51 unit energy output was provided by using 1 unit energy input. 1 unit energy output and 1?kg pomegranate require 0.66 unit and 2.57?MJ energy input, respectively. The average CO2 emission amounts were also calculated to be 1.73?t CO2 per hectare and 88.1?kg CO2 per 1000?kg pomegranate production. Electricity, fertilizers and pesticides were the highest contributors to GHG emissions. Both total energy input usage and GHG emission amounts have been found to be decreasing as the farm size increases. Increasing scale of pomegranates orchards will not only increase energy efficiency and productivity but also decrease environmental pollution and damages. The regression analysis revealed that, excessive use of machinery and fuel inputs results in a decline in energy production in pomegranate. 相似文献
The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP) against babesiosis and to determine specific antibodies against Babesia ovis in experimentally infected lambs. Thirty-six 6-month-old splenectomized lambs were used. The lambs were randomly divided into six groups with six animals each, and were intravenously inoculated with 50 mL B. ovis-infected erythrocytes as follows: group I (therapy group) was treated with IMDP (1.2 mg/kg body weight) starting on the day of onset of clinical signs of babesiosis after the inoculation; group II (untreated control animals) was not treated with any therapeutic treatment after the inoculation; groups III, IV, V and VI (prophylaxis groups) were administered IMDP (2.4 mg/kg body weight) 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks before the inoculation, respectively. The animals were housed in a tick-proof room with water and food ad libitum up to the 30th day post-inoculation (PI). The lambs were monitored from the first day PI by recording the manifestation of clinical disease, rectal temperature, and the degree of parasitaemia. All the lambs became infected with B. ovis, except five animals from group III, which were treated 1 week prior to experimental infection. Other animals showed signs of acute clinical babesiosis. The animals treated with IMDP (group I) were able to clear the parasite from the blood circulation after 48 h post-treatment. The recrudescence of B. ovis was observed in two lambs 7 days after treatment, and they were treated with the second similar dose of the drug. Six lambs (1, 1, 2 and 2 lambs in group III, IV, V and VI, respectively) from the prophylaxis groups died within 7-17 days after showing high parasitaemia and clinical symptoms of the disease. Regardless of the clinical symptoms, 83.30% and 66.66% of the lambs which were administered IMDP 1-2 and 3-4 weeks before, were determined to be protected against the virulent field strain of B. ovis. 相似文献
Macrosiphum rosae (L.) is one of the most destructive pests for Rosa damascena (Miller) when it is found in high numbers. In order to understand the population dynamics of this pest, our priority should be the determination of what extent environmental factors affect the pest population. In this study, we apply fuzzy logic modeling to visualize the population variations, which depends on the environmental factors (temperature and humidity), by using the data obtained from the field studies. After that, we determine the values of temperature and humidity that makes the number of M. rosae maximum by using the filled function method as a global optimization technique. 相似文献
A tire is a composite of rubber and reinforcing materials. Polymeric materials used as reinforcing components are usually
synthetic yarns. These synthetic yarns have high tenacity, they are made of continuous multifilaments. The yarns are converted
in the cord form to provide desired mechanical, thermal and adhesion properties by a series of conversion processes. Besides
of multifilament synthetic cords, there are some specific areas in which single ply monofilament cords have been utilized
as a reinforcing element. In this study, new cord structures have been developed by using monofilament yarns and by imitating
multifilament cords. New cord structures exhibited some very interesting cord properties compared to both single ply monofilament
cord and multifilament cords. Monofilament yarns having diameter between 0.23 and 0.50 mm have been twisted together from
3 to 6 plies based on mixed Taguchi model to form cords. Nylon 6.6 and Polyester monofilament yarns have been selected because
of common application of their multifilament counterpart yarns in tire carcass and capply. The twisted monofilament cords
have been adhesive treated to produce cords ready to adhere rubber. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, adhesion
with rubber, fatigue properties under dynamic conditions, retention of properties after curing and microscopic analysis of
the cords have been analyzed. The cords have been found to possess some benefits for tire carcass, breaker, belt and belt
protective layer applications with their superior fatigue performance, cut resistance, stiffness, ligth weigth etc. 相似文献
Amine-grafted MSU-3 mesoporous silica samples were synthesized from pure and waste silica sources and their CO2 adsorption performances were evaluated. The obtained samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CO2 adsorption capacities of the samples at different temperatures were determined by TGA. The amine-modified MSU-3 synthesized from waste exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.32 mmol/g at 25 °C and 1 bar, depending essentially on the porous texture and the amine content of the material. The CO2 adsorption isotherms of the synthesized samples were measured by a static volumetric method. Adsorption isotherm indicated that the amine-modified samples presented significantly higher CO2 adsorption capacity than the pure samples. The Avrami kinetic model fitted the experimental data well and suggested that complex reaction mechanism or the appearance of multiple reaction pathway occurred in the CO2 adsorption.
