An estimate of maternal effects in early growth characteristics and their effects upon comparative tests of chicken varieties     

J. G. Powell  J. C. Bowman 《British poultry science》1964,5(2):121-132

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Effect of artificial daylight changes on the reproductive rate of sheep     

M J Ducker  J C Bowman 《The Veterinary record》1974,95(5):96-98

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Isolation of Giardia from a llama and from sheep.          下载免费PDF全文

A L Kiorpes  C E Kirkpatrick    D D Bowman 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1987,51(2):277-280

Giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (Lama glama) and in feces of lambs (Ovis aries) from Wisconsin, U.S.A. All of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. Giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. Furthermore, Giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unquiculatus). The finding of Giardia in the llama represents a new host recorded for this parasite. Also, this is the first report of Giardia-infected sheep from the Western Hemisphere.  相似文献   

Nonstructural carbohydrate supplementation of yearling heifers and range beef cows     

Bowman JG  Sowell BF  Surber LM  Daniels TK 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(9):2724-2733

A digestion study with 28 yearling heifers (428 +/- 9.9 kg; Exp. 1) and a 2-yr winter grazing trial with 60 crossbred cows (552 +/- 6.9 kg; Exp. 2) were used to determine the effects of level of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) supplementation on intake and digestibility of low-quality forage. Treatments were as follows: 1) control, no supplement; 2) 0.32 kg of NSC (1.8 kg/d of soybean hulls and soybean meal; DM basis); 3) 0.64 kg of NSC (1.7 kg/d of wheat middlings; DM basis); and 4) 0.96 kg of NSC (1.7 kg/d of barley and soybean meal; DM basis). Supplements provided 0.34 kg of CP/d and 5.1 Mcal of ME/d. In Exp. 1, heifers were individually fed hay (5.5% CP, DM basis) and their respective supplements in Calan gates for 28 d. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. In Exp. 2, cows were individually fed supplement on alternate days, and grazed a single rangeland pasture stocked at 1.8 ha/ animal unit month. Two ruminally cannulated cows were used per treatment to obtain forage extrusa and to measure in situ DM disappearance (DMD) and carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity of particle-associated ruminal microbes. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with the effects of treatment, year, and their interaction. In both experiments, Cr2O3 boluses were used to determine fecal output, individual animal was the experimental unit, and contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of NSC level and control vs. supplemented treatments. In Exp. 1, hay and diet DM, NDF, and CP intakes and digestibilities were increased (P < 0.01) by NSC supplementation compared with the control. In Exp. 2, 72-h in situ DMD and CMCase were decreased linearly (P < 0.08) with increasing NSC supplementation. Intake of forage DM, NDF, and CP was decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing NSC supplementation during both years. Supplementation with NSC decreased (P = 0.01) cow BW loss compared with the control in yr 1, whereas in yr 2, cow BW loss was linearly increased (P = 0.03) by increasing NSC supplementation. Supplements containing NSC improved forage digestion and intake when heifers consumed forage deficient in CP relative to energy (digestible OM:CP > 7), but decreased forage digestion and intake when cows grazed forage with adequate CP relative to energy (digestible OM:CP < 7). Forage and supplement digestible OM:CP seemed to be superior predictors of response to supplementation with NSC compared with forage CP levels alone.  相似文献   

Prevalence of serum thyroid hormone autoantibodies in dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism     

Nachreiner RF  Refsal KR  Graham PA  Bowman MM 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(4):466-471

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in serum of dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism. DESIGN: Cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 287,948 serum samples from dogs with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism. PROCEDURE: Serum THAA were detected by use of a radiometric assay. Correlation and chi2 analyses were used to determine whether prevalence varied with breed, age, sex, or body weight. Only breeds for which > or = 50 samples had been submitted were used for analysis of breed prevalence. RESULTS: Thyroid hormone autoantibodies were detected in 18,135 (6.3%) samples. The 10 breeds with the highest prevalence of THAA were the Pointer, English Setter, English Pointer, Skye Terrier, German Wirehaired Pointer, Old English Sheepdog, Boxer, Maltese, Kuvasz, and Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen. Prevalence was significantly correlated with body weight and was highest in dogs between 2 and 4 years old. Females were significantly more likely to have THAA than were males. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thyroid hormone autoantibodies may falsely increase measured triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in dogs; results suggest that T3 concentration may be falsely increased in approximately 57 of 1,000 dogs with hypothyroidism and that T4 concentration may be falsely increased in approximately 17 of 1,000 dogs with hypothyroidism. Results also suggested that dogs of certain breeds were significantly more or less likely to have THAA than were dogs in general.  相似文献   

Effects of grass maturity and legume substitution on large particle size reduction and small particle flow from the rumen of cattle.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J G Bowman  C W Hunt  M S Kerley  J A Paterson 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(1):369-378

Five ruminally and abomasally cannulated heifers (average weight 365 kg) were fed 6 kg/d of early (EOG) or late (LOG) maturity orchardgrass (OG) hay with or without replacement of EOG or LOG by 1.5 kg/d red clover hay (RC) in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. A fifth treatment, of LOG supplemented with 100 g/d casein (LOG + C), was used to evaluate the effect of supplemental protein. In situ fiber digestion, in vivo nutrient digestion and rate of passage from the rumen of large (retained on a 1.68-mm screen; labeled with La) and small (passed a 1.68-mm screen; labeled with Sm) EOG and LOG particles were determined in heifers fed these diets. Early maturity OG hay had 20% and 62%, respectively, greater (P less than .05) rates, and 61% and 73%, respectively, greater (P less than .05) extents of in situ NDF and ADF disappearance than LOG. Red clover substitution for OG increased (P less than .05) in situ extent of NDF disappearance by 6%. Early maturity OG large and small particles had 40% and 36%, respectively, greater (P less than .05) rates of passage than LOG. Large and small particle ruminal pool sizes were increased (P less than .05) by 115% and 33%, respectively, with LOG. Red clover substitution for OG increased (P less than .10) large and small particle output (kg/d) from the rumen by 15% and large particle rate of passage by 20%. Grass maturity may be affecting intake through rate of large particle size reduction and passage and small particle passage, although legume supplementation of OG may influence intake by increasing rate of large particle size reduction and passage.  相似文献   

Lighting techniques for the domestic fowl     

J. C. Bowman  R. H. Jones  D. W. Knight 《British poultry science》1964,5(3):217-234

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Effects of milbemycin oxime on adult Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs with experimentally induced infections     

D D Bowman  D S Lin  R C Johnson  D I Hepler 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(1):64-67

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Lighting techniques for the domestic fowl     

J. C. Bowman  R. H. Jones  D. W. Knight 《British poultry science》1966,7(2):117-125

The investigation was designed to find lighting patterns for maximum performance from laying chickens. An experiment is described involving two strains of poultry and four rearing and two laying lighting treatments.

The rearing treatments were applied from day‐old to 18 weeks of age. Treatment 1 was considered to be the control and consisted of alternating periods of 6 hr light and 18 hr dark. Treatment 2 was 18 hr light and 6 hr dark from weeks 0–4 and then similar to treatment 1 from 4–18 weeks. Treatment 3 was similar to treatment 2 except that the light period was 9 instead of 6 hr from 4–18 weeks of age. Treatment 4 was similar to treatment 2 except that red instead of white light was used at the same intensity from 2–18 weeks of age.

Laying treatment A consisted of 6 hr light in each 24 hr at 18 weeks of age followed by 4 weekly increases of 45 min. light followed by weekly increases of 20 min. per week to the end of the experiment. Laying treatment B consisted of 9 hr light in each 24 hr at 18 weeks followed by weekly increases of 20 min. light per week to the end of the experiment. Birds reared on treatment 3 were not subjected to laying treatment A but all other rearing treatment groups were subjected to both laying treatments.

Within each laying treatment, rearing treatment 2 was found to be slightly later maturing, generally to have larger body and egg weights and to produce more eggs than treatment 1. Treatment 3B was earlier maturing, had larger body and egg weights and had lower egg production than treatment 2A. It is concluded that further investigation is required into the effects of constant daylengths, other than 6 hr between 4 and 18 weeks of age, on sexual maturity and production characters. Red, as opposed to white incandescent light during rearing, is found to have adverse effects on production characters.

The difference between laying treatments A and B is partly dependent on the associated rearing treatments. However, a large increase in daylength at point‐of‐lay, such as treatment B, hastens maturity and reduces egg production and egg weight compared to a more gradual increase such as treatment A.  相似文献   

Prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles of ampicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate in serum and synovia of healthy horses     

K F Bowman  L P Dix  J L Riond  J E Riviere 《American journal of veterinary research》1986,47(7):1590-1596

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin sodium (11 mg/kg), gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg), and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate were determined for serum and synovia of healthy horses given single-dose IV injection and were not found to be different from those from other reports; however, a prolonged terminal gamma-phase for gentamicin (8,498 +/- 1,842 minutes) in serum of horses was found to exist. Pharmacokinetic interaction between combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate was not observed int he serum or synovia. Prediction of ampicillin sodium or gentamicin sulfate concentrations in synovia, based on serum-based pharmacokinetics, cannot be accomplished solely upon analysis of peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics. However, once equilibrium is achieved between synovia and extracellular fluid in the peripheral compartment, the decrease in drug concentrations in synovia parallels that in serum. Therefore, after 6 hours, synovial concentrations of gentamicin sulfate can be predicted based on peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics, using an appropriate correction factor. The significance of these findings need to be correlated with clinical conditions so that a pharmacostatistical model for the prediction of synovial concentrations of drug(s) during treatment of horses with septic arthritis can be developed.  相似文献