Physical and chemical characteristics of soil from tiger shrimp aquaculture ponds at Malacca,Malaysia     

Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal  Omar Hishamuddin  Claude E. Boyd 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2018,30(1):47-62

Soil physicochemical properties of the growout ponds of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were examined in relation to shrimp yields for one production cycle. The culture ponds were old (>5 years) and new (newly constructed) types. Soil texture was silty clay with low sand content and high proportion of clay for both the pond types with alkaline soil pH (7.87–9.71). Organic matter (OM) concentration was higher (7.48 ± 0.01%) in old ponds and positively related (r = 0.58, P < 0.05) with total nitrogen (TN). The major cations (Ca, Mg, and Na) were higher in the soil of old ponds and did not fluctuate significantly during culture. The majority of trace elements, i.e., Fe (349.22 ± 35.7 ppm), Mn (56.19 ± 30.2 ppm), Zn (88.56 ± 8.09 ppm), Al (454.3 ± 200.6), Pb (1.3 ± 0.96 ppm), Co (3.4 ± 0.2), V (6.56 ± 1.79 ppm), Cr (19.32 ± 0.63 ppm), Ti (82.78 ± 54.3 ppm), As (5.60 ± 0.28 ppm), Ag (0.38 ± 0.5 ppm), and Sb (3.89 ± 0.48 ppm) were found to be higher in new pond soils than the old ponds. Except for soil manganese, no major fluctuations in trace elements were observed during the culture period. Shrimp growth was not significantly different in the two types of ponds, and no distinct correlation between shrimp growth and element content of soils could be drawn. The results indicate that shrimp pond age may not affect production of shrimp if soils are properly managed pre- and postculture. The differences in production in different ponds might be the result of management practice such as quality of shrimp post larvae, pond preparation, water and feed quality, and available live feed in the pond bottom or other environmental factors like water nutrients and physicochemical parameters.  相似文献   

Estimates of Bottom Soil and Effluent Load of Phosphorus at a Semi-intensive Marine Shrimp Farm     

Claude E.  Boyd Ken  Corpron Eric  Bernard Puan  Pengsang 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2006,37(1):41-47

A phosphorus budget for a single crop was prepared for a 685‐ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm that consistently has produced about 3000 tonnes/yr of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Phosphorus inputs were shrimp stock, 0.31 kg/ha; triple superphosphate, 1.38 kg/ha; incoming water, 25.8 kg/ha; and feed, 65.3 kg/ha. Phosphorus outputs were harvested shrimp, 5.43 kg/ha, and outflow for water exchange and draining, 42.7 kg/ha. The high clay‐content soil in pond bottoms adsorbed 45.2 kg/ha of phosphorus. Water was taken from and released back into the same estuary and bay. The phosphorus contribution of shrimp farming to the receiving water body was the difference between the amount of phosphorus in effluent and that in the incoming water, which was 16.9 kg/ha. Bottom soil accumulated 67.8% of phosphorus added to the ponds. Another estimate of soil phosphorus uptake based on the relationship between cumulative phosphorus applied to ponds as fertilizer and feed and soil phosphorus concentration suggested that 63.2% of fertilizer and feed phosphorus had accumulated in pond bottoms. The farm effluent phosphorus load was 23.5 tonnes/yr. The estuary and bay system has an estimated volume of 4.8 × 10⁹ m³, and the annual phosphorus input from the farm had a concentration equivalent of 0.005 mg/L, and there were no other major inputs of phosphorus. The estuary and bay are flushed by freshwater inflow and tidal action, and the farm input is not likely to cause eutrophication.  相似文献   

Nutritional responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with different physical qualities at stable or variable environmental conditions     

T.S. AAS  B.F. TERJESEN  T. SIGHOLT  M. HILLESTAD  J. HOLM  S. REFSTIE  G. BAEVERFJORD  K.‐A. RØRVIK  M. SØRENSEN  M. OEHME  T. ÅSGÅRD 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2011,17(6):657-670

Rainbow trout with initial body weight 1144 g were fed two diets with high (feed A) or low (feed B) water stability for 6 weeks. During the last 2 weeks either stable or fluctuating oxygen saturation, salinity and temperature was introduced. High water stability of the feed was associated with harder pellets, less dust formation and less broken pellets compared to feed with low water stability. During the first 4 weeks, feed intake was 23% higher in trout fed diet B than in those fed diet A. Fluctuating environment resulted in a severe drop in feed intake for both dietary groups. At termination of the trial, stomachs of trout fed feed B contained mashed pellets and free water and oil. Stomachs of trout fed feed A contained more intact pellets and little fluid. The apparent digestibility of protein, starch, dry matter and energy was highest in feed A. The apparent digestibility of P and Zn was highest at stable environment, and the absorption of P was highest from feed A. In conclusion, physical quality affected the nutritional value of the feeds, and differences in nutritional value at stable or fluctuating environment appeared to be related to feed intake.  相似文献   

The effect of delay in treatment on the control of potato skin spot (Oospora pustulans)     

H. H. Edie  A. E. W. Boyd 《Potato Research》1966,9(4):216-225

Summary A study has been made of the control of potato skin spot by surface disinfection of tubers and subsequent storage in sprouting boxes and by similar storage without disinfection at intervals from several weeks before normal harvest until twelve weeks after harvest. Efficiency of control depended on the date of harvest and was apparently associated with the temperature of the subsequent box storage. Under the conditions of these experiments, there was a progressive decrease in the effectiveness of disinfection corresponding to delay in treatment, eye infection increasing more rapidly than surface infection. Storing potatoes in sprouting boxes without disinfection was most successful when tubers were lifted before normal harvest but was never so effective as when combined with disinfection and did not provide a reliable control of disease development in these experiments. Sporulation of the fungus on the eyes was largely inhibited by disinfection at any time whereas extensive sporulation occurred on both dead and living eyes of untreated boxed tubers.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird über zweij?hrige Versuche zur Bek?mpfung der Tüpfelfleckigkeit an Kartoffeln (Oospora pustulans) berichtet. Knollen der sorteKing Edward wurden a) in Zeitabst?nden in einer organischen Quecksilberl?sung desinfiziert und dann in Vorkeimkistchen in einem Lagerraum aufbewahrt und b) in Zeitabst?nden, aber ohne Desinfektion, auf gleiche Art gelagert. Bei beiden Verfahren begannen die Termine einige Wochen vor dem normalen Erntezeitpunkt und dauerten bis zw?lf Wochen rach dem normalen Erntezeitpunkt. Bis zum Zeitpunkt der Behandlung lagerten die Knollen jeweils in Mieten. Die Beurteilung der Oberfl?chen- und Augeninfektion wurde im M?rz des folgenden Jahres vorgenommen, wobei die behandelten Knollen mit den über den Winter in einer Miete gelagerten Knollen verglichen wurden. Der Infektionsgrad des ausgepflanzten Saatgutes war in jedem Jahr ?hnlich. Das allgemein st?rkere Auftreten der Krankheit in der Ernte 1963–1964 mag, verglichen mit jenem von 1962–1963, durch die gr?sseren Regenf?lle kurz vor der Ernte verursacht worden sein, was zu sehr feuchten Verh?ltnissen in der Miete führte. Tabelle 1 und 2 zeigen die Schwankung in der Knollenaugeninfektion w?hrend der Winter 1962–1963 und 1963–1964 nach Lagerung in Vorkeimkistchen und Oberfl?chendesinfektion zu verschiedenen Terminen, sowie die mittlere w?chentliche Lagertemperature w?hrend drei Wochen nach der Behandlung. Abb. 1 und 2 geben je für die Perioden 1962–1963 und 1963–1964 den Index für Tüpfelfleckigkeit für Oberfl?chen- und Augeninfektion für Knollen an, die an verschiedenen Terminen, beginnend vor dem normalen Erntezeitpunkt und bis neun und zw?lf Wochen nachher andauernd, in Vorkeimkistchen gelagert und desinfiziert wurden. Die Wirksamkeit der Bek?mpfung wurde vom Erntedatum beeinflusst und war offensichtlich abh?ngig von der Temperatur w?hrend der nachfolgenden Lagerung. In diesen Versuchen war mit fortschreitender Sp?terverlegung der Behandlung eine st?ndige Abnahme der Wirksamkeit der Desinfektion festzustellen, und zwar trat dies bei der Augeninfektion rascher ein als bei der Oberfl?cheninfektion. Eine signifikante Abnahme der Oberfl?cheninfektion als Folge einer Desinfektion der Knollen wurde bis zu neun Wochen nach der Ernte festgestellt; bei der Augeninfektion betrug diese Dauer nur drei bis sechs Wochen. Eine Behandlung drei Wochen nach der Einlagerung verminderte die Augeninfektion nur um etwa die H?lfte. Der Wirksamkeitsgrad in der Bek?mpfung war signifikant schw?cher als jener, der durch Desinfektion am oder vor dem normalen Erntetermin erreicht wurde. Lagerung in Kistchen zeitigte die besten Ergebnisse, wenn die Knollen vor dem normalen Termin geerntet wurden, aber diese Aufbewahrungsart war nie so wirksam, wie wenn sie mit einer Desinfektion verbunden war. Die blosse Lagerung in Kistchen erwies sich somit in diesen Versuchen zur Bek?mpfung der Krankheit als zu wenig zuverl?ssig. Durch die Desinfektion wurde die Sporulation des Pilzes an den Augen zu jeder Zeit stark gehemmt, w?hrend bei den unbehandelten Knollen sowohl an toten wie an lebenden Augen eine umfangreiche Sporulation eintrat.

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Résumé Les auteurs décrivent les expériences, menées pendant deux ans, de lutte contre l'oosporiose (Oospora pustulans). Des tubercules (var.King Edward) provenant d'arrachages effectués plusieurs semaines avant la date normale de récolte et de silo jusqu'à douze semaines après la récolte, ont été a) désinfectés à intervalles dans une solution organomercurique et mis en caisses et b) mis en caisses sans désinfection. L'évolution de l'infection sur la surface et sur les yeux a été effectuée en mars de l'année suivante, par comparaison des tubercules traités avec des tubercules conservés en silo durant l'hiver. Les niveaux d'infection des plants utilisés étaient semblables chaque année, aussi l'attaque généralement plus élevée de la récolte 1963–1964 par rapport à celle de 1962–1963 peut-elle être attribuée aux chutes d'eau plus importantes avant l'arrachage qui ont réalisé des conditions très humides de conservation en silo. Tableau 1 et 2 montrent les variations dans l'infection des yeux pendant les saisons 1962–1963 et 1963–1964 respectivement après mise en caisses et désinfection de la surface à différentes dates; les tableaux montrent également la température moyenne hebdomadaire de l'ambiance pendant les trois semaines après traitement. Fig. 1 et 2 montrent les degrés d'oosporiose de la surface et des yeux de tubercules mis en caisses et désinfectés à intervalles préalablement à la récolte normale jusqu'à neuf à douze semaines ultérieurement. L'efficacité du traitement dépend de la date de la récolte et est, apparemment, liée à la température de la conservation. Dans ces essais, il apparait une diminution progressive de l'efficacité de la désinfection correspondant aux retards du traitement et cette perte d'efficacité est plus rapide pour l'infection des yeux que pour celle de la peau. La désinfection des tubercules opère une réduction significative de l'infection dans les intervalles suivants après la récolte; neuf semaines pour la peau et trois à six semaines pour les yeux. Le traitement après trois semaines de conservation réduisait l'infection des yeux d'environ la moitié seulement. Le degré d'efficacité était significativement moindre que celui obtenu par désinfection au moment ou avant la récolte normale. La conservation en caisses est la plus utile quand les tubercules sont arrachés avant la récolte normale mais n'est jamais aussi efficace que quand elle est combinée à la désinfection; dans ces essais, la conservation en caisses sans désinfection n'assure pas un contr?le valable du développement de la maladie. La désinfection, effectuée à quelque moment que ce soit, inhibe dans une large mesure la sporulation du champignon tandis qu'une intense sporulation apparait à la fois sur les yeux morts et vivants des tubercules non traités mis en caisses.

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Influence of variation in water temperature on survival,growth and yield of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in inland ponds for low‐salinity culture     

Hisham A. Abdelrahman  Asheber Abebe  Claude E. Boyd 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(2):658-672

There is considerable interest in the culture of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland low‐salinity water in Alabama and other states in the Sunbelt region of the US. However, the growing season is truncated as compared with tropical or subtropical areas where this species is typically cultured, and temperature is thought to be a major factor influencing shrimp production in the US. This study, conducted at Greene Prairie Aquafarm located in west‐central Alabama, considered water temperature patterns on a shrimp farm in different ponds and different years; and sought possible effects of bottom water temperature in ponds on variation in shrimp survival, growth and production. Water temperature at 1.2 m depth in 22 ponds and air temperature were monitored at 1‐hr intervals during the 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Records of stocking rates, survival rates and production were provided by the farm owner. Correlation analysis and linear mixed model analysis of variance were used. Results showed that hourly water temperatures differed among ponds. The range of water temperature in each pond explained 41% of the variance in average final weight of shrimp harvested from each pond. In conclusion, the results suggest that variation in water temperature patterns has considerable influence on shrimp growth and survival in ponds.  相似文献   

Cretaceous vertical motion of australia and the australian- antarctic discordance   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M Gurnis  RD Muller  L Moresi 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5356):1499-1504

A three-dimensional model of mantle convection in which the known history of plate tectonics is imposed predicts the anomalous Cretaceous vertical motion of Australia and the present-day distinctive geochemistry and geophysics of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. The dynamic models infer that a subducted slab associated with the long-lived Gondwanaland-Pacific converging margin passed beneath Australia during the Cretaceous, partially stagnated in the mantle transition zone, and is presently being drawn up by the Southeast Indian Ridge.  相似文献   

Evidence for extreme climatic warmth from late cretaceous arctic vertebrates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

JA Tarduno  DB Brinkman  PR Renne  RD Cottrell  H Scher  P Castillo 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,282(5397):2241-2244

A Late Cretaceous (92 to 86 million years ago) vertebrate assemblage from the high Canadian Arctic (Axel Heiberg Island) implies that polar climates were warm (mean annual temperature exceeding 14 degreesC) rather than near freezing. The assemblage includes large (2.4 meters long) champsosaurs, which are extinct crocodilelike reptiles. Magmatism at six large igneous provinces at this time suggests that volcanic carbon dioxide emissions helped cause the global warmth.  相似文献   

The Moray Firth Seal Management Plan: an adaptive framework for balancing the conservation of seals,salmon, fisheries and wildlife tourism in the UK     

James R.A. Butler  Stuart J. Middlemas  Simon A. McKelvey  Iain McMyn  Ben Leyshon  Ian Walker  Paul M. Thompson  Ian L. Boyd  Callan Duck  John D. Armstrong  Isla M. Graham  John M. Baxter 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(6):1025-1038

• 1. Within the Moray Firth, north‐east Scotland, there is a history of conflict between seals and salmon fisheries. Under the UK's Conservation of Seals Act 1970 (CoSA) seals are shot to protect fisheries. In 1999 six rivers in the Moray Firth were designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for Atlantic salmon under the EU Habitats Directive, and in 2000 an SAC for harbour seals was designated in the Dornoch Firth.
• 2. In the 1990s salmon stocks declined. Fisheries managers believed the decline was partly caused by seal predation and consequently increased shooting effort. In years 1993–2003 Moray Firth harbour seal numbers declined possibly due to shooting, posing a potential threat to the status of the Dornoch Firth SAC. Meanwhile wildlife tourism based on marine mammals has increased. The declines in salmon and harbour seals, and the implementation of the Habitats Directive forced a watershed in the approach of statutory authorities to managing seals, salmon and tourism.
• 3. In years 2002–2005 local District Salmon Fishery Boards, the Scottish Executive, Scottish Natural Heritage and stakeholders negotiated a pilot Moray Firth Seal Management Plan to restore the favourable conservation status of seal and salmon SACs, and to reduce shooting of harbour seals and seal predation on salmon.
• 4. Key facets of the plan are the management of the Moray Firth region under a CoSA Conservation Order; application of the Potential Biological Removal concept to identify a limit of seals to be killed; management areas where removal of seals is targeted to protect salmon, while avoiding seal pupping and tourism sites; a training and reporting system for marksmen; a research programme, and a framework allowing an annual review of the plan.
• 5. The plan was introduced in April 2005. A maximum limit of 60 harbour and 70 grey seals was set. Forty‐six harbour and 33 grey seals were killed in 2005 while in 2006 these figures were 16 and 42 respectively. Although the numbers killed were below the maximum limits in both years the returns raised questions about the plan's ability to manage seal shooting at netting stations. The plan provides a useful adaptive co‐management framework for balancing seal and salmon conservation with the protection of fisheries and/or fish farms and tourism for application in the UK and internationally.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soviet Science     

Boyd WC  London ID 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1952,115(2986):318-319

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Feature series: Health and nutrition of working dogs     

Professor Boyd Jones 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6)

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