Methodology for Creating an Information Tool for Animal Food Facilities     

Jessica F. Evanson  Catherine Y. Alexander  Fernando Sampedro  Timothy Boyer  André J Nault 《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2013,14(3):220-236

The U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act, administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), requires animal feed and pet food facilities to conduct a hazard analysis by identifying and evaluating potential hazards in animal food. This paper describes the creation of an information tool designed to help animal food facilities comply with this requirement. A thorough search of the scientific literature and FDA recall data identified the occurrence of hazards in animal food, assessed the severity of the hazards, and provided a scoring system useful for the identification and prioritization of specific animal food-hazard-species combinations.  相似文献   

The Influencing Factor of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryonic Transfer in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)     

BC Li  W Li  H Chen  YN Zhang  ZT Zhang  XY Wang  B Gao  TC Dou  KH Wang 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(3):368-372

This study was conducted to explore the influencing factors of ova in vitro fertilization (IVF) and transfer of the fertilized ova into the oviduct of recipient hens. The efficiency of fertilization was compared using three aspects: (i) the different time of ova collection and transfer, (ii) egg‐laying period of recipient hen; and (iii) semen volume. The following results are observed: 72%, 40% and 0% of ova were found in ovarian sac in 30～40 min, 50～60 min and more than 90 min post‐oviposition, respectively; 20%, 18%, 14% and 5.8% of ova were fertilized with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml semen, respectively; and 33% and 100% of healthy chickens were hatched from fertile ova with 0.1 and 0.5 ml of semen, respectively. All oocytes obtained from ovary and mid‐oviduct were unfertilized. Embryos were transferred into recipient hens 30 min ± 10 min post‐oviposition, and 70% of shelled eggs were produced. There were no eggs produced in the other transfer times. This demonstrated that live chicken can be obtained by IVF of ova collected shortly after oviposition. It was important that the ovum was transferred into the oviduct infundibulum of recipient hens immediately or shortly after oviposition.  相似文献   

In vitro lactic acid inhibition and alterations in volatile fatty acid production by antimicrobial feed additives     

T G Nagaraja  M B Taylor  D L Harmon  J E Boyer 《Journal of animal science》1987,65(4):1064-1076

Batch culture fermentations were used to determine the effects of avoparcin, lasalocid, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, thiopeptin, tylosin, virginiamycin, monensin + tylosin combination, and two new ionophore compounds (RO22-6924/004 and RO21-6447/009) on lactic acid and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high alfalfa hay diet was incubated with glucose for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on lactic acid concentration. Fermentations treated with antimicrobial compounds had higher final pH and lower L(+) lactic acid concentration. Narasin and salinomycin were more inhibitory than other ionophore compounds. Monensin and tylosin in combination was more effective than monensin alone. Among the nonionophore compounds, avoparcin was the least effective and thiopeptin, tylosin and virginiamycin were extremely effective in reducing lactic acid concentration. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a diet of alfalfa hay and grain (50:50) was incubated with a mixture of sugars, casein and urea for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on VFA production. Generally, total VFA concentration was not affected by antimicrobial compounds except RO22-6924/004, tylosin and virginiamycin, which caused a reduction at high concentrations. Tylosin, monensin and tylosin mixture, thiopeptin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) increased the acetate proportion. All compounds increased the molar proportion of propionate. Tylosin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) decreased the proportion of propionate. Monensin and tylosin in combination had no effect on propionate proportion. Among the compounds tested, narasin and salinomycin were the most effective in enhancing propionate proportion. Ionophore compounds were more inhibitory to butyrate production than the nonionophore compounds. Batch culture fermentations may be used to quantitate the relative efficacy of antimicrobial compounds to alter ruminal fermentation characteristics.  相似文献   

Accumulation of mercury and selenium in tissues of kittens fed commercial cat food     

C I Boyer  E J Andrews  A deLahunta  C A Bache  W H Gutenman  D J Lisk 《The Cornell veterinarian》1978,68(3):365-374

Six kittens, three males and three females, were fed exclusively for one hundred days a commercially canned red meat tuna found to contain elevated concentrations of Mercury (Hg) and Selenium (Se). A similarly sized control group was fed for the same period a dry commercial cat food comparatively low in the concentration of these elements. At the end of the feeding trial, concentrations of Hg Se were markedly higher in blood, bone, brain, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen of the kittens fed the tuna diet as compared to the corresponding controls. No behavioral abnormalities or pathological lesions were detected in any of the kittens.  相似文献   

Sorption of tetrachlorvinphos insecticide (Gardona) to the hemolymph of Periplaneta americana     

A.C. Boyer 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1975,5(2):135-141

Tetrachlorvinphos insecticide (Gardona, SI) 8447) sorbs to the hemolymph of the American cockroach via noncovalent bonding. The amount sorbed is dependent upon both the concentration of hemolymph and tetrachlorvinphos used. Acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and Sephadex column chromatography of the complex revealed that tetrachlorvinphos binds to a variety of proteins in the hemolymph. No one protein serves as a specific carrier.These studies show that 80% of the LD₅₀ dose of tetrachlorvinphos can bind to the hemolymph contained in a single roach. The observed LD₅₀ value could then be considered as an inflated value, since the hemolymph can sorb large quantities of tetrachlorvinphos and thereby reduce the concentration of free compound available for inducing a toxic event. An alternative possibility, however, should not be overlooked. The binding of tetrachlorvinphos to hemolymph can be looked upon as a transport mechanism, whereby the compound is transported throughout the roach, to dissociate from the “carrier” proteins, and to penetrate into or through the cell membrane at the appropriate time. This would have the effect of actually enhancing the toxicity of the compound.  相似文献   

Cytokine expression by peripheral blood neutrophils from heaves-affected horses before and after allergen challenge     

Joubert P  Cordeau ME  Boyer A  Silversides DW  Lavoie JP 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,178(2):227-232

Heaves, also known as recurrent airway obstruction, is a common condition of horses characterised by pulmonary neutrophilia and reversible airway obstruction. This study evaluated the role of neutrophils in producing cytokines and chemokines that might be involved in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in horses with heaves. Peripheral neutrophils were isolated from heaves-affected (n = 9) and control (n = 4) horses before and after 5 h of natural inhalation challenge. Expression of mRNA of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, along with two chemokines, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, was evaluated. After exposure to mouldy hay, horses with heaves had significant airway obstruction and increased numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, compared to control horses. However, there were no differences in the expression of mRNAs of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8 and MIP-2 between the two groups, suggesting that the release of cytokines and chemokines by peripheral blood neutrophils is not necessary for the development of heaves.  相似文献   

Toxicologic information resources for reptile envenomations.     

Jude McNally  Keith Boesen  Leslie Boyer 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2008,11(2):389-401, viii

The United States is the largest importer of reptiles in the world, with an estimated 1.5 to 2.0 million households keeping one or more reptiles. Snakes account for about 11% of these imports and it has been estimated that as many as 9% of these reptiles are venomous. Envenomations by nonindigenous venomous species are a rare but often serious medical emergency. Bites may occur during the care and handling of legitimate collections found in universities, zoos, or museums. The other predominant source of exotic envenomation is from amateur collectors participating in importation, propagation, and trade of non-native species. This article provides toxicologic information resources for snake envenomations.  相似文献   

Effects of trefoil cover crop and earthworm inoculation on maize crop and soil organisms in Reunion Island   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J. Boyer  R. Michellon  A. Chabanne  G. Reversat  R. Tibere 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1999,28(4):364-370

 Traditional tree fallows have been abandoned on the western coast of the Reunion Island because of the increasing need for cultivated land. Soil fertility is no longer restored and crop yields have decreased drastically. The leguminous plant, Lotus uliginosus (trefoil), used as a cover crop, has made possible the control of erosion, the restoration of soil macrofauna, especially earthworms, and the increase in crop yields. When trefoil was associated with earthworms (Amynthas corticis), the densities of maize, the yields of maize stalk and dry matter, the yield of trefoil fodder dry matter, and the biomass and respiratory activity of soil microflora were considerably increased. The combined effects of their association led to a significant decrease in populations of the plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus vulnus, in maize roots, and in the population of borers. Some soil chemical features were modified. Received: 10 September 1997  相似文献   

Effect of Foliar Sulfur and Nitrogen Fertilization on Wheat Storage Protein Composition and Dough Mixing Properties     

I. Tea  T. Genter  N. Naulet  V. Boyer  M. Lummerzheim  D. Kleiber 《Cereal Chemistry》2004,81(6):759-766

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) supplies have a strong influence on the quality and quantity of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in the breadmaking process. Nitrogen derived from urea, S from micronized elemental sulfur, and a mixture of both (N+S) were applied at anthesis stage on wheat by foliar spray. To relate N and S incorporation in storage proteins to the quality of dough, their incorporation into each storage protein fraction was measured: monomers, low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS), and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS). Then protein fraction quantities, molecular weight distribution (MWD), polymerization index (PI), and molecular dimensions of unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), as well as dough mixing properties were determined. Fertilizers N and S were differentially incorporated into each storage protein fraction, influencing protein synthesis. Moreover, after the N+S fertilization, the increase of the polymeric proteins induced an increase in molecular weight and compactness, as well as in dough strength and consistency. These results provide evidence that N and S fertilizers applied by foliar spray route at anthesis, simultaneously, play an important role in controlling the storage protein synthesis and the degree of polymerization, which in turn influence dough mixing properties.  相似文献   

Genetic structure analysis of strains causing citrus canker in Iran reveals the presence of two different lineages of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri pathotype A*          下载免费PDF全文

K. Boyer  H. Soltaninejad  A. Escalon  S. M. Alavi  S. Javegny  C. Boyer  B. Cottyn  L. Gagnevin  C. Vernière 《Plant pathology》2015,64(4):776-784

West Asia has been recognized as a major centre for the diversification of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, a citrus quarantine pathogen of considerable economic importance. However, little genotyping data is available mainly due to the paucity of microbial resources in this region. Using a comprehensive strain collection, several genotyping techniques and a pathogenicity assay, the status of strains causing Asiatic citrus canker in Iran, an internationally significant citrus‐producing country, was clarified. All strains were genetically related to X. citri pv. citri pathotype A* (i.e. strains with a host range restricted to Mexican lime and related species) but not to pathotype A (i.e. strains with a wide host range among rutaceous species). The findings were based on discriminant analysis of the principal components of MLVA‐31 data and were further confirmed by pathogenicity data. Two genetically, geographically and pathologically separate groups of strains in Iran were identified. One of the groups had never been previously reported anywhere in the world. A very strong genetic structure was found (R_ST = 0·938), consistent with their geographical isolation. Strains from these two groups also differed in terms of their type III effector repertoire. The atypical host range of one of these groups could explain why some Iranian strains had previously been mistakenly identified as pathotype A. This study suggests the absence of invasive pathotype A strains in Iran (known as DAPC 1), which account for most of the economically important outbreaks internationally.  相似文献