Detection of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) using fungal culture and a generic fungal PCR     

S Humphrey  S Alexander  HJ Ha 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2016,64(5):298-300

AIMS: To describe the methods used at the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL, Ministry for Primary Industries) to identify Paranannizziopsis australasiensis.

METHODS: Skin biopsy samples from two adult male tuatara were submitted to the AHL in March 2014. Approximately half of each sample was processed for fungal culture and incubated on mycobiotic agar containing cycloheximide at 30°C. Following morphological examination of the culture products, DNA was extracted from suspect colonies. PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal rRNA using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Positive amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing and the results were compared to published sequences. In addition, DNA was extracted from the remaining skin samples and the same PCR was carried out to compare the results.

RESULTS: After 7 days of incubation, colonies morphologically resembling P. australasiensis were observed. DNA extracted from these isolates tested positive for P. australasiensis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Samples of DNA extracted directly from the infected skin samples tested negative for P. australasiensis using the generic fungal PCR.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isolation and identification of P. australasiensis was carried out using a combination of fungal culture and molecular testing available at AHL. Results were available in significantly less time than in the past, when isolates had to be sent overseas. PCR and sequencing of fungal isolates is a valuable tool for identification of species that have few, if any, unique macroscopic or microscopic features to aid identification. Further sampling from captive and wild New Zealand reptiles will provide important information on the epidemiology of P. australasiensis, and the conservation and management implications for tuatara and other native reptile species.  相似文献   

Creation of multi-layered canopy structures in young oak-dominated urban woodlands – The ‘ecological approach’ revisited     

Gustav Richnau  Björn Wiström  Anders Busse Nielsen  Magnus Löf 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2012,11(2):147-158

We investigated the stand structure of ten young urban woodlands established in Southern Scandinavia during the 1970s and 1980s according to the ecological approach, which advocated the use of many different species of trees and shrubs to create complex canopy structures as soon as possible after establishment to promote recreation and biodiversity. Tree height and live crown depths were measured and analysed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to assess the forest structure in terms of canopy stratification. The results show that the current canopy structures could be classified into seven different two- and three-layered structural types which had evolved as a combination of differences in management frequency and the initial species composition. Two layered stands were characterized by lower management frequency compared to three layered stands and stands in transition to three layers. They were also established with a lower proportion of understory species and a higher proportion of shade tree species. The total number of species at the establishment did not influence how stands were categorized. The two main conclusions are that recurrent thinnings is a key factor for successful management of young, species rich forest plantations, and that species composition can increase the resilience towards management neglect. Instead of aiming at maximising total species number it is more reasonable to focus on a few key species in each layer. We conclude that three-layered canopy structures can be created already after twenty five years, which should encourage planners and practitioners to incorporate multilayered stands in future urban woodland creation.  相似文献   

Shortening the Postpartum Anoestrous Interval in Suckled Crossbred Dual Purpose Cows Using Progestagen Intravaginal Sponges plus eCG and PGF_2α     

JC Gutiérrez  R Palomares  R González  G Portillo  M Montero-Urdaneta  J Rubio-Guillén  HJ. Hernández-Fonseca  E Soto-Belloso 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(1):48-54

One hundred and twenty‐six suckled crossbred cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus), with body condition score ≥3 (1–5 point scale), were employed in the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of intravaginal progestin‐releasing sponges (IVS) for shortening anoestrous interval. Fifty‐four cows were assigned to control group. Seventy‐two cows were treated with IVS impregnated with 250 mg of medroxy‐acetate‐progesterone (MAP) as follows: day 0, IVS plus 5 mg of 17β‐E and 50 mg of MAP i.m.; day 6, 500 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and 25 mg prostaglandin F_2α i.m.; day 8, IVS withdrawal and day 9, 1 mg 17β‐E i.m. Cows were also grouped according to postpartum days (dpp) at treatment: MAP <70 days (n = 25); control <70 days (n = 22); MAP >70 days (n = 47); control >70 days (n = 32). From IVS removal, cows were detected in oestrus and inseminated. Cows not detected in oestrus were timed artificial insemination 72 h after sponge removal. Treatment effect on oestrous rate (ER), conception rate (CR), pregnancy rate (PR) and treatment to conception intervals (TCI) and calving to conception intervals (CCI) were evaluated. The ER, CR and PR were analysed using proc logistic , while TCI and CCI with proc glm of SAS. The groups MAP <70 days and MAP >70 days showed higher (p < 0.01) ER than control <70 days and control >70 days (84.0% and 76.6% vs 31.8% and 31.3% respectively). The PR was higher (p < 0.01) in MAP <70 days vs control <70 days (64.0% vs 22.7%) and also higher (p < 0.05) in MAP >70 days vs control <70 days (40.4% vs 18.8%). The TCI and CCI were shorter (p < 0.01) in MAP <70 days vs control <70 days (36.0 and 95.8 days; 95.3 and 158.6 days respectively). In conclusion, only cows treated with IVS before 70 dpp had a CCI shorter than 100 days, consequently this treatment shortened postpartum anoestrous interval in crossbred dual purpose cattle.  相似文献   

Diagnosis of Endometritis in the Bitch: A New Approach     

E Fontaine  X Levy  A Grellet  A Luc  F Bernex  HJ Boulouis  A Fontbonne 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):196-199

There are a few investigations into endometritis in the bitch and its relationship with failure to conceive remains unclear. This may be because of the difficulty in collecting uterine samples for further investigations. Recently, transcervical catheterization by vaginal endoscopy has been introduced allowing the evaluation of the endometrium. In this study, uterine cytology and bacteriology were evaluated in 26 infertile bitches. Endometritis was bacterial in origin in most cases (70% of affected bitches), but these results may be underestimated, as some other pathogens (anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasms and fungi) were not investigated. Endometritis, in our opinion, should be investigated in each case of unexplained infertility in bitches. The method used here seems reliable although defining more accurate classification criteria will improve the efficiency of this non-invasive technique.  相似文献   

Regionalisation of Germany by data of agricultural structures     

Merle R  Busse M  Rechter G  Meer U 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2012,125(1-2):52-59

In order to simplify the design of representative studies in animal populations the structural differences of animal husbandry (cattle, pigs and laying hens) in Germany were characterised. Several regions were defined and thus districts identified which are typical for the respective region and can be regarded as representatives for the whole region. Data on animal husbandry as well as human population per district originated from the Federal Statistical Office and were linked to the geometric data of the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy. By this, data of "livestock units/square kilometre area" and "farms/square kilometre area" per district were calculated using methods of the spatial statistics Global Moran's Index, Anselin Local Moran's Index and Getis-Ord Gi*. With the help of these analyses six clusters could be identified which resulted in four large (Middle, Northwest, East, and South) and one smaller region (Northern Upper-Rhine) respecting the federal state borders. These regions differed significantly regarding animal and farm densities. The selection of typical districts was carried out with the help of the respective animal and farm data of the species pigs, dairy cattle and laying hens. The means of the selected districts (three to six per region) were within the 60%- and the 80%-percentile of at least two of the analysed variables. Concerning the region Northern Upper-Rhine no representative district was selected. This presented regionalisation including representative districts can be used for the design of scientific studies that are associated with animal husbandry in Germany.  相似文献   

The use of profile diagrams for mixed stands in urban woodlands—the management perspective     

Anders Busse Nielsen  Jens Balsby Nielsen 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2005,3(3-4):163-175

In the emerging paradigm of urban forestry objectives are often to develop mixed stands with complex structures. Such stands cannot easily be described in words and numbers. A logical alternative would seem to describe the structure of such mixed stands by use of image-based management tools. However implementing new management goals and using image-based tools challenges professionals, educated and trained within the age-class forestry tradition, to use their knowledge in a creative way. This paper describes how professionals contextualise from hand drawn profile diagrams when planning the management of mixed stands. The appropriateness of profile diagrams in this context is further discussed. The study was carried out as a case study focusing on the planning and development of long-term management goals for two young mixed stands for recreational use. We used explorative, in-depth interviews to identify the perspective on profile diagrams, as experienced by five individuals with different academic backgrounds as well as years of experience. The interviewees revealed that personal experiences and mental images played a key role in order to display an intuitive understanding of the subject stands through the profile diagrams. Further, they recognised this approach themselves often referring to other stands to make comparisons. The types of references used could be divided into three distinct categories: specific, generic and metaphoric. With regard to the ongoing move from age-class forestry to multifunctional management of mixed stands, this aid to dialogue might be the most relevant way in which profile diagrams can contribute to the implementation of new management paradigms.  相似文献   

Some visual aspects of planting design and silviculture across contemporary forest management paradigms – Perspectives for urban afforestation     

Anders Busse Nielsen  Rasmus Bartholdy Jensen 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2007,6(3):143-158

There is a pan-European interest in increasing the amount of woodland cover, particularly in areas close to urban populations. However, in the enthusiasm for planting trees, is enough forethought given to visual aspects of woodland stand interiors? This paper conceptualises and assesses visual aspects of planting designs and silvicultural principles across three contemporary forest management paradigms: the commercial, the nature-based, and the urban paradigm. Planting design models and silvicultural treatments were conceptualised from a review combined with case studies. Using profile diagrams, we made visual representations of planting design and stand development, as basis for ‘expert’ assessment of four visual criteria: scale, diversity, naturalness and visual accessibility. The assessment was done for the young stage (0–25 years) and the mature stage (50–90 years) separately, using a qualitative three-step scale: limited, medium, and extended. Seven different planting design models were identified. Three of these originate from the urban paradigm: the seed source model, the density gradient model, and the habitat model. Another three originate from the nature-based paradigm: the natural succession model, the nature-based shortcut model, and the direct approach model. Only one model originates from the commercial paradigm: the monoculture model. The assessment showed that visual aspects vary considerably between planting designs and silvicultural systems. The monoculture model offers the splendour of the mature pillar hall with free views and movements, however, necessitating an obvious plantation stage in its youth. In contrast, models utilising succession and variation in species, age and tree spacing offers an extended experience of diversity and naturalness – even in the young stages. These visual qualities are discussed in relation to future perspectives for urban afforestation across urban woodland zones.  相似文献   

Comments on further steps towards the breeding of a small test pig for medical usage     

H Busse 《Monatshefte für Veterin?rmedizin》1967,22(23):949-955

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液体潲食对猪生产性能和健康状况的影响     

R.HJ Schdten  刘文  韩秋实 《畜禽业》2000,(1):50-51

用液体稻食作为猪口粮,可降低10％～17％的成本有数据表明：液体路食可提高猪生产性能,改善其健康状况并降低死亡率70％液体潲食富合碳水化合物如：液体小麦淀粉,乳酪及熟马铃薯度等液体潲食有一些利于贮藏发酵的特点和优势,发酵可能是由于液体潲食所含合成食品和水份所引起．研究人员采用试验研究5种不同液体饲料贮藏6d后的理化特征变化并统计所有可测变化值,如PN值下降到35－3B;乳酸水平上升为15～30g／kg．本文数据综合自几个试验  相似文献   

Physics. Visualizing the dynamics of the onset of turbulence     

Busse FH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5690):1574-1575

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