Topiramate in the management of feline idiopathic ulcerative dermatitis in a two‐year‐old cat     

David Grant  Clare Rusbridge 《Veterinary dermatology》2014,25(3):226-e60

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Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nicholas K Dulvy  Jim R Ellis  Nicholas B Goodwin  Alastair Grant  John D Reynolds  & Simon Jennings 《Fish and Fisheries》2004,5(3):255-276

The decline and disappearance of species from large parts of their former geographical range has become an important issue in fisheries ecology. There is a need to identify which species are at risk of extinction. The available approaches have been subject to considerable debate – particularly when applied to commercially exploited species. Here we have compiled methods that have been used or may be used for assessing threat status of marine organisms. We organize the methods according to the availability of data on the natural history, ecology and population biology of species. There are three general approaches to inferring or assessing extinction risk: (i) correlative approaches based on knowledge of life histories and ecology; (ii) time‐series approaches that examine changes in abundance; and (iii) demographic approaches based on age‐ or stage‐based schedules of vital rates and fisheries reference points. Many methods are well suited to species that are highly catchable and/or have relatively low productivity, but theory is less well developed for assessing extinction risk in species exhibiting narrow geographical distributions or ecological specialization. There is considerable variation in both definitions of extinction risk and the precision and defensibility of the available risk assessment methods, so we suggest a two‐tiered approach for defining and assessing extinction risk. First, simple methods requiring a few easily estimated parameters are used to triage or rapidly assess large numbers of populations and species to identify potentially vulnerable populations or species. Second, the populations and species identified as vulnerable by this process can then be subject to more detailed and rigorous population analysis explicitly considering sources of error and uncertainty.  相似文献   

Modeling of urban trees’ effects on reducing human exposure to UV radiation in Seoul,Korea     

Hang Ryeol Na  Gordon M. Heisler  David J. Nowak  Richard H. Grant 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2014,13(4):785-792

A mathematical model is constructed for quantifying urban trees’ effects on mitigating the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the ground within different land use types across a city. The model is based upon local field data, meteorological data and equations designed to predict the reduced UV fraction due to trees at the ground level. Trees in Seoul, Korea (2010), produced average UV protection factors (UPF) for pedestrians in tree shade at solar noon (May to August) of 8.3 for park and cemetery land uses and 3.0 for commercial and transportation land uses. The highest daily UPF was 11.8 in the park and cemetery land uses, which has the highest percent canopy cover. This UV model is being implemented within the i-Tree modeling system to allow cities across the world to estimate tree effects on UV exposure. Understanding the impacts of urban trees on UV exposure can be used in developing landscape design strategies to help protect urban populations from UV exposure and consequent health impacts.  相似文献   

Triage for conserving populations of threatened species: The case of woodland caribou in Alberta     

Richard R. Schneider  Grant Hauer 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1603-1611

Prioritization of conservation efforts for threatened and endangered species has tended to focus on factors measuring the risk of extirpation rather than the probability of success and cost. Approaches such as triage are advisable when three main conditions are present: insufficient capacity exists to adequately treat all patients, patients are in a critical state and cannot wait until additional capacity becomes available, and patients differ in their likely outcome and/or the amount of treatment they require. The objective of our study was to document the status of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herds in Alberta, Canada, with respect to these three conditions and to determine whether a triage approach might be warranted. To do this we modeled three types of recovery effort - protection, habitat restoration, and wolf control - and estimated the opportunity cost of recovery for each herd. We also assessed herds with respect to a suite of factors linked to long-term viability. We found that all but three herds will decline to critical levels (<10 animals) within approximately 30 years if current population trends continue. The opportunity cost of protecting all ranges by excluding new development, in terms of the net present value of petroleum and forestry resources, was estimated to be in excess of 100 billion dollars (assuming no substitution of activity outside of the ranges). A habitat restoration program applied to all ranges would cost several hundred million dollars, and a provincial-scale wolf control program would cost tens of millions of dollars. Recovery costs among herds varied by an order of magnitude. Herds also varied substantially in terms of their potential viability. These findings suggest that woodland caribou in Alberta meet the conditions whereby triage should be considered as an appropriate conservation strategy.  相似文献   

Comparison of core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes for antemortem diagnosis of enzootic bovine lymphosarcoma in cattle     

Washburn KE  Streeter RN  Lehenbauer TW  Snider TA  Rezabek GB  Ritchey JW  Meinkoth JH  Allison RW  Rizzi TE  Boileau MJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,230(2):228-232

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antemortem core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes could be used to distinguish between inflammation and lymphosarcoma in cattle. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 25 cattle with enlarged peripheral lymph nodes. PROCEDURES: Antemortem biopsies of the selected lymph nodes were performed with an 18-gauge, 12-cm core needle biopsy instrument. Fine-needle aspirates were performed with a 20-gauge, 4-cm needle. Specimens were analyzed by pathologists who were unaware of clinical findings and final necropsy findings, and specimens were categorized as reactive, neoplastic, or nondiagnostic for comparison with necropsy results. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of core needle biopsy ranged from 38% to 67% and from 80% to 25%, respectively. Sensitivity of fine-needle aspiration ranged from 41% to 53%, and specificity was 100%. Predictive values for positive test results ranged from 77% to 89% for core needle biopsy and were 100% for fine-needle aspiration. Predictive values for negative test results were low for both core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that core needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration can aid in the antemortem diagnosis of bovine enzootic lymphosarcoma. Results of fine-needle aspiration of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes were more specific and more predictive for a positive test result than were results of core needle biopsy.  相似文献   

Termite mounds mitigate against 50 years of herbivore-induced reduction of functional diversity of savanna woody plants     

Grant S. Joseph  Milton Makumbe  Colleen L. Seymour  Graeme S. Cumming  Zacheus Mahlangu  David H. M. Cumming 《Landscape Ecology》2015,30(10):2161-2174

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Height,competition and yield potential in winter wheat     

Julian B. Thomas  G. Bruce Schaalje  Marshall N. Grant 《Euphytica》1993,67(1-2):9-17

Summary A monogenic dominant male sterility is used for hybrid production in autumn and winter cauliflower. The ratio of male sterile plants in the backcross progenies of autumn cauliflower was 1:1 over five years (1987–1991). However, a significant deficit of male sterile plants was observed in the winter type over the same period.The influence of the temperature on the male sterile phenotype was studied within backcross progenies planted inside polythene tunnels. Six classes of phenotype were defined during the flowering period (from May to November). At low temperature, some male sterile plants developed partial to complete male fertility, whereas at high temperature, male fertile plants became male sterile.Segregation among the progenies of self-pollinated unstable male sterile plants did not deviate from the expected 3:1 ratio. Plants homozygous for the male sterility allele have been revealed by test crosses with a male fertile plant.For use in seed production, stable male sterile plants are vegetatively maintained; however, crossing lines isogenic except at the MS locus would allow male sterile plants to be raised from seed.  相似文献   

Transfer of resistance to race 2 of Plasmodiophora brassicae from Brassica napus to cabbage (B. Oleracea spp. Capitata). IV. A resistant 18-chromosome B1 plant and its B2 progenies     

B. Y. Chiang  M. S. Chiang  W. F. Grant  R. Crete 《Euphytica》1980,29(1):47-55

Summary The somatic karyotype and meiotic chromosome behavior were studied in an 18-chromosome B₁ plant derived from backcrossing a triploid (Brassica napus x B. oleracea ssp. capitata) F₁ hybrid to cabbage. It is considered that cabbage chromosomes no. 1 and no. 7 were substituted by two shorter B. napus chromosomes. Meiotic disturbances were more apparent during the late stages of second division. Seed fertility of this plant was largely restored in the second backcrosses with both cabbage and broccoli. 18-chromosome B₂ plants resistant to race 2 of Plasmodiophora brassicae were recovered among the progenies.Contribution no. J. 725 from the Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, St-Jean, Québec J3B 6Z8.  相似文献   

Nutritional and physiological responses of young growing rats to diets containing raw cowpea seed meal,protein isolate (globulins), or starch     

Olivera L  Canul RR  Pereira-Pacheco F  Cockburn J  Soldani F  McKenzie NH  Duncan M  Olvera-Novoa MA  Grant G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(1):319-325

The nutritional and physiological effects of raw cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) seed meal, protein isolate (globulins), or starch on the metabolism of young growing rats have been evaluated in 14-day trials. Wet and dry weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and lipid and protein accretion were significantly reduced as a result of inclusion of seed meal, globulins, or starch in the diet, with growth retardation being most marked with the seed meal. The proportional weights of the small intestine and pancreas were increased by meal diets, and serum cholesterol levels were slightly reduced. The globulins and raw starch also increased relative small intestine weights but had no effect on the pancreas or serum constituents. The effects of cowpeas on rats appeared to be due primarily to the combined actions of globulins, resistant starches, protease inhibitors, and possibly fiber and non-starch polysaccharides on intestinal and systemic metabolism.  相似文献   

Re-evaluation of the structural properties of some British swelling soils   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

P. H. Groenevelt  & C. D. Grant 《European Journal of Soil Science》2001,52(3):469-477

The structural condition of swelling soils can be assessed from their shrinkage curves. We re‐evaluated data on six British swelling soils using modern methods to model the void ratio, e, as a function of the moisture ratio, ?. The points on the e–? curve were fitted with a constitutive shrinkage equation using an unbiased least‐squares, curve‐fitting program. The shrinkage curves were then differentiated to obtain their slopes, σ(?), which were used to calculate the overburden potentials, Ω. The slope functions were subsequently differentiated to obtain the curvatures, κ(?), from which the maximum curvature at the wet end was used to separate the structural shrinkage, S_c, from the proportional (unsaturated) shrinkage. At the point of maximum curvature, S_c and the volumetric air content, θ_ac, were calculated and found to correspond closely to those reported previously. Water retention curves were constructed and fitted using the van Genuchten equation, from which the α coefficient appears an important structural parameter. The structural condition of a swelling soil appears to be well described by its air content at the point of maximum curvature, its van Genuchten α coefficient, and a parameter describing the effect of the overburden potential.  相似文献