Endogenous fat losses and true and apparent fat digestibility in adult and growing dogs fed diets containing poultry offal fat     

Tabyta T. Sabchuk  Larissa W. Risolia  Camilla M. M. Souza  Ananda P. Félix  Alex Maiorka  Simone G. Oliveira 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2020,104(6):1927-1937

The objective of this study was to evaluate the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dietary nutrients, endogenous fat loss (EFL), dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content, coefficient of true digestibility (CTD) of fat and faecal parameters of dogs. A total of 16 puppies and 8 adult dogs were distributed according to a double Latin square experimental design. A basal diet was formulated, to which increasing levels (60, 120 and 180 g/kg) of poultry offal fat oil were added. EFL was estimated using hyperbolic and linear regression as a function of LW/day and dry matter (DM) intake, respectively, and the CTD of fat was calculated. The CTTAD of acid-hydrolysis ether extract (AHEE) and ME content increased as dietary poultry offal fat level increased both in adult dogs and in puppies (p < .05). The CTTAD of DM and crude protein were higher in adult dogs than in puppies. EFL was estimated by hyperbolic regression as y = 98.1094 − 13.6202/x and y = 99.1280 − 26.1366/x, where y = CTTAD of AHEE (%) and x = AHEE intake/kg BW, for adult dogs and puppies, respectively, which yielded EFL values of 138 and 262 mg AHEE per kg BW per day for adult dogs and puppies respectively. The EFL estimated by linear regression was 7.89 g and 8.97 g/kg DM intake for adult dogs and puppies respectively. The CTD estimated by both methodologies was higher in puppies than in adults (p < .05). Lower faecal DM and score, and higher ammonia production were obtained in puppies than adult dogs (p < .05). The results indicate good fat utilization and that fat digestibility is underestimated, as the CTTAD of AHEE does not take into account EFL, particularly at low-fat inclusion levels and in growing dogs, which have greater EFL than adult dogs.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Helicobacteraceae in the oral cavity of dogs     

Craven M  Recordati C  Gualdi V  Pengo G  Luini M  Scanziani E  Simpson KW 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(11):1476-1481

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Toxicokinetics of mercury in blood compartments and hair of fish-fed sled dogs     

Camilla L Lieske  Sara K Moses  Judith M Castellini  Jessica Klejka  Karsten Hueffer  Todd M O'Hara 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):66

Background

Understanding mercury (Hg) distribution in blood and the importance of hair as an excretory pathway is critical for evaluating risk from long term dietary Hg exposure. The major objective of this study was to characterize changes in total Hg concentrations in specific blood compartments and hair over time due to long term piscivory.

Methods

Eight sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) were fed either a fish and kibble diet (n = 4), or a fish-free control diet (n = 4) for 12 weeks. Concentrations of Hg were monitored throughout the exposure period, and for 10 weeks post exposure, until Hg concentrations in all blood compartments of one of the exposed dogs dropped below detection limit. Additionally, foreleg hair was sampled during acclimation and weeks 0 and 12.

Results

Hg was detected primarily in whole blood and packed cells, although it was sporadically detected at low concentrations in plasma and serum in two of the fish fed dogs. Dogs ingested an estimated average of 13.4 ± 0.58 μg Hg per kg body weight per day. Hg was detectable in whole blood and packed cells within a week of exposure. Detected concentrations continued to rise until plateauing at approximately 3-6 weeks of exposure at a mean of 9.2 ± 1.97 ng/g (ppb) in whole blood. Hg concentration decreased post exposure following 1st order elimination. The mean half-life (t_1/2) in whole blood for Hg was 7 weeks. Mean Hg in hair for the fish-fed dogs at week 12 was 540 ± 111 ppb and was significantly greater (about 7-fold) than the Hg hair concentration for the control dogs. The hair to blood ratio for Hg in fish-fed dogs was 59.0 ± 7.6:1.

Conclusions

This study found the sled dog model to be an effective method for investigating and characterizing blood Hg distribution (whole blood, serum, plasma, packed cells) and toxicokinetics associated with a piscivorous diet, especially for Hg-exposed fur bearing mammals (such as polar bears). Although hair excretion and hair to blood Hg ratios were not similar to human concentrations and ratios, the sled dog toxicokinetics of Hg in blood, was more similar to that of humans than traditional laboratory animals (such as the rat).  相似文献   

Standard area diagram set for assessment of severity and temporal progress of apple blotch     

Castellar  Camilla  Jauch  Felipe  Moreira  Rafaele Regina  da Silva Silveira Duarte  Henrique  De Mio  Louise Larissa May 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2021,160(3):599-609

Apple blotch (Marssonina coronaria) is a foliar disease of increasing importance globally. Methods to quantify the disease and knowledge about epidemiology are required for new studies on the disease. The objectives of this study were to develop a standard area diagram set (SADs) to assess apple blotch severity and to describe the temporal progress of the disease under field conditions on older and younger leaves of two apple cultivars. For the development of SADs, symptomatic leaves were collected and scanned to obtain the actual severity. Based on the pattern of the disease, a SADs was elaborated and validated. Leaf severities were estimated without and with SADs by 12 raters to validate the tool. After validation, the SADs was used to assess apple blotch in older and younger leaves of selected shoots during the vegetative cycle of cvs. Eva and Gala. SADs severities ranged from 0.2 to 96%. Accuracy, precision, and reliability of the estimates were significantly improved when the SADs was used. In the field, the onset of apple blotch was in late spring and greater increases in severity occurred during summer. Rates of disease progress ranged from 0.09 to 0.13. Epidemics were different in older and younger leaves at the end of the apple vegetative cycle for both cultivars tested. Our work provided a tool for apple blotch quantification and described the disease progress curve under subtropical conditions, which can contribute as basis for future studies.

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Impact of long-term frozen storage on the dynamics of water and ice in wheat bread     

Guo Chen  Camilla Öhgren  Maud Langton  Kaare F. Lustrup  Magnus Nydén  Jan Swenson 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

Frozen storage of bread has a substantial impact on the dynamics of water and ice in the crumb and crust. In this study, the impact was characterized using wheat bread stored at −18 °C for a long term of ∼4 months. The frozen bread incurred a considerable loss of the crumb water that migrated out and formed ice crystals on the bread surface. Such a moisture decrease underwent more rapidly for the bread stored without intact crust, suggesting the specific role of crust during frozen storage. Moisture also redistributed significantly within the frozen crumb, resulting in an elevated crumb heterogeneity of freezable water. This redistribution of freezable water was accompanied by a progressive recrystallization of the crumb-borne ice crystals, which were measured to grow into bulk sizes using a modified calorimetric procedure for analyzing the crumb samples at their as-frozen states.  相似文献   

Oogenesis and lipids in gonad and liver of daubed shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) females from Svalbard waters     

Murzina SA  Meyer Ottesen CA  Falk-Petersen S  Hop H  Nemova NN  Poluektova OG 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(5):1393-1407

Oocyte and liver histomorphology of the daubed shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) from Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden in Svalbard were investigated during three Arctic seasons: summer (July), autumn (October) and winter (April). Three oocyte developmental phases were observed: primary growth phase, secondary growth phase and maturation phase. We observed four different developmental stages: (1) perinucleolus stage with cortical alveolus formation, (2) lipid droplets formation, (3) vitellogenesis stage and (4) maturation. Late maturation stage of oocytes in the ovaries was from the autumn season. Females accumulated lipids in liver (up to 35.2?% dw) and deposited large amounts of lipids into gonads (up to 52.2?% dw) during maturation. Lipid classes in female gonads changed seasonally, with relative increase in cholesterol during summer and depletion of storage lipids (triacylglycerols and wax esters/cholesterol esters) during the winter. Lipid composition in liver changed during oocyte development and spawning, as neutral lipids were transferred to developing oocytes during summer to autumn. During winter, storage lipids were depleted during starvation. Based on the increase in gonadosomatic index (GSI) with length and observed maturation stages, females seem to mature at a length of about 125-130?mm. The GSI and hepatosomatic index of large females sampled in autumn (September-October) were significantly higher than for females in late winter (April) and spring (May). These results indicate that spawning takes place during winter in Isfjorden and that energy reserves stored in the liver are utilized by females during gonadal development and reproduction.  相似文献   

Measuring Phosphorus Availability in Recently Fertilized Soils with the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGT) Method – Challenges and Opportunities     

Wibke Christel  Camilla Lemming  Simon Mundus  Sander Bruun  Jakob Magid 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2016,47(5):563-570

The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is acknowledged as an adequate method for predicting soil phosphorus (P) availability. However, the relatively low binding capacity of the DGT gel can be problematic when soils have recently been amended with fertilizers of high P solubility. We studied the performance of commercially available DGT devices with P concentrations from below to several magnitudes above their reported capacity. We found a binding capacity of 15 µg P per DGT unit binding gel, but P recovery increased considerably above this level without any detectable limit. This could be explained mainly by equilibration between the aqueous phase in the hydrogel and the ambient solution. For quantitative assessment of P availability in soils recently amended with a concentrated P source, a DGT binding gel with a higher capacity would be needed. However, even when the binding capacity is exceeded, different soil amendments can still be ranked qualitatively.  相似文献   

Distribution,structure and function of Nordic eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems: implications for coastal management and conservation          下载免费PDF全文

Christoffer Boström  Susanne Baden  Anna‐Christina Bockelmann  Karsten Dromph  Stein Fredriksen  Camilla Gustafsson  Dorte Krause‐Jensen  Tiia Möller  Søren Laurentius Nielsen  Birgit Olesen  Jeanine Olsen  Leif Pihl  Eli Rinde 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2014,24(3):410-434

Recruitment,distribution boundary and habitat temperature of an arcto‐boreal gadoid in a climatically changing environment: a case study on Northeast Arctic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)     

Camilla S. Landa  Geir Ottersen  Svein Sundby  Gjert E. Dingsør  Jan E. Stiansen 《Fisheries Oceanography》2014,23(6):506-520

Climate change is expected to have major effects on the distribution and abundance of fish. In spite of extensive research on the topic in high‐latitude marine ecosystems, the mechanistic understanding of how temperature impacts recruitment and distribution of arcto‐boreal fish stocks remains elusive. Exemplified by an arcto‐boreal gadoid in the Barents Sea, the Northeast Arctic (NEA) haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), we investigate the effect of ecosystem temperature (here temperature from a fixed reference section) on abundance and distribution boundaries between 1981 and 2008. During this time interval there has been a trend of increasing temperature in the ecosystem. We compare the ecosystem temperature with the species habitat temperature of NEA haddock (i.e., ambient temperature of the population) – two temperature approaches representing the indirect and direct environmental impacts on fish, respectively. In addition to the temperature effects, density‐dependent effects on distribution boundaries are considered. The study is based on swept area density estimates and spatial temperature data collected annually in winter surveys. We found a positive relationship between ecosystem temperature and abundance, a connection related to both direct and indirect mechanisms with short‐term and long‐term pathways. Distribution boundaries are, on a year‐to‐year basis, more related to abundance than ecosystem temperature. The long‐term trends, however, indicate a north‐eastward shift in distribution boundaries, probably indirectly related to the coinciding ecosystem temperature increase. In spite of the gradual increase in ecosystem temperature, the abundance of 4‐ to 7‐ year old NEA haddock expanded into colder waters. Thus, our results show how different the two temperature approaches may be.  相似文献   

Population genetic structure of lumpfish along the Norwegian coast: aquaculture implications     

Ólöf Dóra Bartels Jónsdóttir  Julia Schregel  Snorre B. Hagen  Camilla Tobiassen  Siv Grethe Aarnes  Albert K. D. Imsland 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(1):49-60

The potential for genetic contamination of stocks arising from translocation and subsequent release or escape of translocated and/or genetically mixed stocks may be a significant risk to wild populations. In this context, we undertook a population genetic survey of stocks of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) along the Norwegian coast to establish the existing genetic population structure, which will aid the development of policy of the species’ use as cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture. This was done by using 14 microsatellite loci and 287 specimens collected at five fishing grounds, covering most of the Norwegian coastline from south to north, with additional 18 samples of first-generation reared fish from a fish farm outside Tromsø (North Norway). Overall, there was no indication of significant spatial genetic structuring or of positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance among the wild lumpfish samples. These results suggest that, should translocated individuals escape from aquaculture in Norway, this will probably have little to no impact on the genetic composition of the local fish population.  相似文献