How much of the vertebrate diversity of sub-Saharan Africa is catered for by recent conservation proposals?     

Neil D Burgess  Carsten RahbekFrank Wugt Larsen  Paul WilliamsAndrew Balmford 《Biological conservation》2002,107(3):327-339

A database documenting the distribution of birds, mammals, amphibians and snakes across 1° latitude and longitude squares of mainland sub-Saharan Africa provides an opportunity to quantify how many of these vertebrates are potentially catered for by recent large-scale conservation proposals. Sets of priority areas proposed by BirdLife International, the World Wildlife Fund (USA), the World Conservation Union and the World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, and the World Resources Institute contain between 45 and 93% of 3752 species of birds, mammals, snakes and amphibians breeding in this area. Gaps in the coverage of vertebrates were found in all large-scale proposals, and these are mapped. Most of the conservation proposals perform better than random selection of similar sized areas of Africa, with the proposals focused on species performing more efficiently than schemes based on large areas of intact habitat or process-related criteria. Four of the schemes approach the performance of a complementarity-based algorithm that aims to maximise the number of species captured within a given area of land, and which has been widely advocated as a tool for conservation planning. The reasons for this are discussed and the relevance of the results for conservation planning at coarse and fine scales are explained.  相似文献   

Influence of exercise on horses' limb volume, measured by an optoelectronic device     

Siewert C  Böttcher A  Hellige M  Beyerbach M  von Rautenfeld DB  Seifert H 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2011,124(5-6):257-264

This study tested for the first time an optoelectronic device (Perometer*) measuring limb volume of horses. An analysis of its application was performed regarding the influence of different types of physical exercise on the volume of the extremities. 40 horses were divided into four groups often horses, each group being exposed to exercise, differing in kind and duration of lunging, horse-ridden and riderless. The volume measurement was performed by determining the inactive value (I) after a twelfe-hour standing period, the load value (II) immediately after exercise and recovery value (III) one hour after exercise. The results showed a highly significant decrease in limb volume of 5.7% between values (I) and (II), as well as a highly significant increase of 68% between (II) and (III). The volume changes observed in male horses were significantly higher than in female horses. Volume changes in horse-ridden groups were higher than riderless ones, but not significant. There were fewer leg volume changes at low ambient temperatures (1-12 degrees C) compared to high temperatures (23-31 degrees C), but these were not statistically significant. Well-trained horses showed lower volume changes than less trained horses (not statistically significant). The Perometer is a fast and reliable tool for measuring limb volume of horses. The ICC (Interclass Correlation Coefficient) calculated a high measurement reproducibility of 0.996. A variance analysis showed no significant differences between the three repeated leg measurements. Thus, the Perometer can be used for monitoring and quantifying edema and documenting limb volume changes resulting from training, wearing compression stockings or bandages, manual lymph drainage.  相似文献   

Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees, wasps and parasitoids   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kristin M. Krewenka  Andrea Holzschuh  Teja Tscharntke  Carsten F. Dormann 《Biological conservation》2011,(6):1816-1825

Habitat loss and fragmentation in agricultural landscapes lead to severe declines of abundance and richness of many insect species in the remaining isolated semi-natural habitats. We analysed possible barrier effects of large hedges and corridor effects of narrow grass strips that were hypothesized to affect foraging and dispersal of hymenopterans. We selected calcareous grasslands in the vicinity of Göttingen (Germany), which harbour high Hymenoptera diversity and are starting points for foraging and dispersal in the landscape. We installed pan traps to sample bees (i) on the grasslands; (ii) on grassland edges behind adjacent hedges (potential barriers) and without hedges; (iii) on grass strips in 100 m distance to the grassland, which were connected or unconnected to the grassland; and (iv) unconnected (isolated) grass strips in 300 m and 750 m distance to test for corridor and isolation effects on abundance and species richness of foraging wild bees. Additionally we provided trap nests for bees, wasps and their parasitoids on the grasslands and the strips. Species abundance and richness declined with increasing isolation from grasslands for foraging solitary bees, trap-nesting bees, wasps and parasitoids, but not for foraging bumblebees. Hedges did not confine movement of foraging bees. We found no mitigating effects of (100 m) corridor strips on any of the observed groups. We conclude that conservation of semi-natural habitats as sources of bee and wasp diversity is important and that grass strips act as sinks rather than corridors when high quality patches are nearby.  相似文献   

Initiale Bodenbildung aus marinen Sedimenten in Lysimeterversuchen     

Luise Giani  Carsten Massau  Hannelore Schrder  S. Unger 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1990,153(4):283-289

Initial soil development from marine sediments in a lysimeter Marine sandy and clayey sediments were put into a lysimeter with controlled ground-water level. Under these conditions the soil development was quick within the first four years. Redox potentials of +400 mV were reached in the upper parts of the soils after half a year. The carbonate content decreased by 0,1 - 0,2% per annum. The total sulfur contents decreased by 10% - 30% during the first year. Humus formation started within the second year. Compared to Puccinellia areas a lower salinity and wider Ca/Mg-ratio occurred in the upper parts of the sandy soil after one year, in the clayey soil after two years, respectively. The change in the hydroregime was essential for the soil development. The particle size distribution was of minor importance. The intensity of the processes was not effected by the vegetation.  相似文献   

Myxomatosis of the Depilated Angora rabbit. A Preliminary Study     

JEAN-PIERRE GANIÈRE  JEAN-MARIE GOURREAU  DJANE MONTABORD  MICHEL RIVE  JEAN CHANTAL 《Veterinary dermatology》1991,2(1):11-15

Abstract— A nodular eruption occurring on the skin of depilated Angora rabbits was studied at 47 rabbit farms in 1988. Virus isolation, electron microscopy, transmission experiments and comparison with experimental infection using recognised strains of myxoma virus confirmed that the disease was myxomatosis. The disease occurred particularly in July and August in rabbits vaccinated in March or April with the heterologous vaccine. Morbidity on farms where lesions occurred only on depilated skin was much lower than on those where generalised forms occurred. In experimental intradermal infections of unvaccinated New Zealand White rabbits, both primary and secondary myxomas occurred earlier in inoculated animals depilated up to five days before or on the day of inoculation; but after six days development of lesions in the depilated area was not observed. The authors advance the hypotheses that the nature ot the spontaneous disease in rabbitries is dependant on the residual level of post-vaccinal immunity. Where this is high, myxomatosis does not occur. Where it is low classical myxomatosis, with numerous lesions on the depilated skin, occurs. Intermediate levels of immunity are able to restrict the development of myxomas to the depilated area. Résumé— Des nodules cutanés, se développant exclusivement sur le dos de quelques animaux récemment épilés, ont été observés en 1988 dans 47 élevages de lapins angora. L'isolement viral, la microscopie électronique, la transmission expérimentale et la comparaison avec l'infection expérimentale par des souches de virus myxomateux ont permis de montrer qu'il s'agissait d'une forme particulière de myxomatose. La maladie était principalement observée en juillet et août sur des lapins vaccinés en mars et avril avec un vaccin hétérologue. La morbidité dans les élevages atteins était significativement inférieure à celle constatée dans les élevages affectés par des formes classiques de myxomatose. L'infection expérimentale de lapins néo-zélandais non vaccinés a montré que le développement des myxomes était plus précoce lorsque les animaux étaient épilés cinq jours avant ou le jour de l'inoculation; mais aucune lésion ne fut observée dans la zone épilée lorsque l'épilation avait lieu plus de six jours après l'inoculation. Les auteurs émettent l'hypothèse que l'aspect de la maladie dépend du niveau résiduel de l'immunité post-vaccinale. Si ce niveau est élevé, la maladie n'apparaît pas. S'il est insuffisant, on observe une forme classique de myxomatose, avec en plus de nombreux myxomes dans la zone cutanée épilée. Une immunité intermédiaire limite le développement des myxomes aux zones cutanées épilées. Zusammenfassung— Das Auftreten von Nodula auf der Haut von enthaarten Angorakaninchen wurde 1988 in 47 Kaninchenfarmen untersucht. Durch Virusisolierung, elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen, Übertragungsversuche und den Vergleich mit experimentellen Infektionen mit bekannten Myxomavirusstämmen konnte bestätigt werden, daß es sich bei der Erkrankung urn Myxomatose handelte. Die Ekrankung trat vor allem im Juli und August bei Kaninchen auf, die im März oder April mit heterologen Vakzinen geimpft worden waren. Die Morbidität in Betrieben, wo die Veränderungen nur auf enthaarter Haut auftraten, war viel niedriger als bei denen, wo generalisierte Formen auftraten. Bei experimentellen intradermalen Infektionen nicht geimpfter Weiße Neuseeland-Kaninchen traten sowohl primäre wie sekundäre Myxome früher auf bei den inokulierten Tieren, die bis zu fünf Tage vor der Inokulation depiliert worden waren; 6 Tage danach jedoch wurde keine Entwicklung von Veränderungen im depilierton Bereich festgestellt. Die Autoren stellen die Hypothese auf, daß der Grad der natürlichen Erkrankung in Kaninchenhaltungen von dom residualen Spiegel der durch Impfung erzeugten Immunität abhängt. Wo dieser Spiegel hoch ist, tritt die Myxomatose nicht auf. Wo er niedrig ist, kommt es zu der klassischen Myxomatose mit zahlreichen Veränderungen auf der enthaarten Haut. Mittlere Immunitätsspiegel können die Entwicklung der Myxome of enthaarte Gebiete beschränken. Resumen Una erupción nodular producida en la piel de conejos de Angora depilados fue estudiada en 47 granjas de conejos en 1988. El aislamiento de virus, microscopía electrónica, experimentos de transmisión y la comparación con infecciones experimentales usando cultivos conocidos del virus myxoma, confirmaron que la enfermedad era myxomatosis. La enfermedad ocurrió especialmente en julio y agosto en conejos vacunados en marzo o abril con la vacuna heteróloga. En infecciones experimentales intradérmicas de conejos no vacunados New Zealand y Blancos, ambos myxomas, primario y secundario ocurrieron más pronto en animales inoculados depilados hasta unos cinco dias antes o en el día de la inoculacion; pero después de seis días no se observó desarrollo de lesiones en el area depilada. Los autores avanzaron la hipotesis de que la naturaleza de la enfermedad espontánea en rabbitrios es dependiente del nivel residual de inmunidad post-vacunal. Dónde este es elevado no se produce myxomatosis. Dónde es bajo, se produce la clásica myxomatosis con numerosas lesiones en la piel depilada. Niveles intermedios de inmunidad son capaces de restringir el desarrollo de myxomas en el area depilada.  相似文献   

A survey of cattle producers in the Boophilus microplus endemic area of Queensland to determine attitudes to the control of and vaccination against tick fever     

RE BOCK  GW BLIGHT†  TG KINGSTON  AJ de  VOS 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(3):88-92

SUMMARY: A survey by mail was used to determine the views of beef producers in the Boophilus microplus endemic area of Queensland on the control of and vaccination against tick fever. Data from 448 questionnaires were analysed, representing 2.7% of beef producers in the survey area. Producers considered buffalo fly ( Haematobia irritans exigua ) infestation as the most important problem whereas tick fever ranked sixth overall. Private veterinarians were regarded as the most important source of information on vaccines for cattle followed by a weekly rural newspaper. From the survey we estimate that about 33% of producers used the tick fever vaccine produced by the Tick Fever Research Centre of Queensland Department of Primary Industries but there were significant (P < 0.05) variations between regions and herds. Large herds (≥ 400 head) in south-east Queensland were the most likely to be vaccinated against tick fever. Of the producers who did not use the vaccine, over 70% replied that there was no need to vaccinate because of the low risk of the disease in their herds. In 52% of unvaccinated herds the treatment of animals with acaricide was considered the most important means of tick fever control and 61% of these herds comprised Bos indicus x Bos taurus or Bos indicus cattle.  相似文献   

Visual monitoring of reproduction in dairy herds     

Iver Thysen  Carsten Enevoldsen 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1994,19(3-4):189-202

Two complementary approaches to produce visual information from reproduction records are described and exemplified. The Event Display shows all reproductive events, over a year, for all cows in a herd, by symbols placed in an array with columns representing calendar weeks and rows representing individual cows. The Reproduction Monitor consists of graphs of insemination and pregnancy rates evaluated weekly with a Bayesian technique. These visual monitoring tools are well suited to explore temporal variation in reproductive performance, they provide a quick overview of herd performance, and they provide information about individual animals.  相似文献   

Concentration of enrofloxacin in equine tissues after long term oral administration   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. GIGUÈRE  & M. BÉLANGER 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1997,20(5):402-404

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Analysis of systematic and genetic effects on the prevalence of primary cataract, persistent pupillary membrane and distichiasis in the two color variants of English Cocker Spaniels in Germany     

Engelhardt A  Stock KF  Hamann H  Brahm R  Grussendorf H  Rosenhagen CU  Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(11-12):490-498

Genetic parameters were estimated for prevalences of primary cataract (CAT), persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) and distichiasis (DIST) in 615 single-colored and 617 multi-colored English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) bred in the German kennel club for Spaniels (Jagdspaniel-Klub e.V.). CAT or CAT diagnosed in dogs up to three and a half years of age (early-onset cataract, CAT-early) and CAT diagnosed in dogs over three and a half years of age (late-onset cataract, CAT-late), PPM and DIST were included as binary traits in multivariate genetic analyses. Heritabilities on the underlying liability scale were 0.15 for CAT, 0.34 for CAT-early, 0.13 for CAT-late, 0.46 for PPM, and 0.62 for DIST in single-colored ECS and 0.06 for CAT, 0.13 for CAT-early, 0.14 for CAT-late, 0.10 for PPM, and 0.61 for DIST in multi-colored ECS. There were indications for a different genetic basis of CAT-early and CAT-late in single-colored ECS as genetic correlations were close to zero. In multi-colored ECS, a similar tendency for CAT-early and CAT-late could be observed.  相似文献   

Analysis of the mode of inheritance for distichiasis in the Elo dog breed using complex segregation analyses     

Kaufhold J  Hamann H  Steinbach G  Gordon S  Brahm R  Grussendorf H  Rosenhagen CU  Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(5-6):232-236

The inheritance of distichiasis was analyzed in the dog breed Elo using complex segregation analyses.The different hypotheses of monogenic, mixed-monogenic-polygenic and polygenic inheritance as well as a pure environmental model were tested. In further analyses the number of examined Elo dogs per ophthalmologist and the proportion of genes of Eurasian and Old English Sheepdogs were included in the models as covariates. Seven families were randomly collected for the analyses.The seven families comprised a total of 296 animals with 218 examined and 65 affected dogs. A genetic component was verified for the prevalence of distichiasis. Mixed models with a recessive, dominant or arbitrary major gene effect and the polygenic model represented likely hypotheses of inheritance. The prevalence of distichiasis observed was insufficiently explained by non-genetic factors and the breed composition. Therefore, a model only including non-genetic factors and the breed composition could be excluded.  相似文献