Engagement Through Information: Supporting Technology Commercialization     

David A. Boulay  Charles T. Worley  Meagan Barnes 《Journal Of Agricultural & Food Information》2013,14(4):310-316

ABSTRACT

This article provides a framework for encouraging further dialogue concerning the role of information professionals in supporting the technology commercialization efforts of entrepreneurs, researchers, and small businesses. After a brief introduction to the technology commercialization process, the roles of university engagement in commercialization activities are discussed. The paper concludes with questions for consideration focused on the role of the information professional.  相似文献   

Preparation and Inter Laboratory Analysis Of a Compost Reference Material     

Charles L. Bourque  Jacques Allard  Renette Doiron 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(1):14-23

A “compost reference material” was prepared by blending four milled MSW-derived compost products. Samples were sent out to 18 laboratories from across Canada. These laboratories were supplied with proposed analytical methodology and asked to analyze for 11 metals. Fourteen laboratories complied. The data was handled using analysis of variance. Copper, zinc and lead demonstrated greater variability than did the other eight metals. No significant correlation was observed among concentrations of these three metals. Reported data are represented graphically using grouped box plots. Results suggest that regulatory agencies should consider total analytical variance when evaluating compost metal assays.  相似文献   

Use of Composted and Fresh Spent Tea Grinds As a Potential Greenhouse Substrate Component     

Daniel E. Wells  Jeff L. Sibley  Charles H. Gilliam  William A. Dozier Jr. 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(3):181-184

In the United States, the market for freshly brewed, ready-to-drink tea has grown exponentially during the last 20 years. Along with generating more product, tea brewers have also produced more waste. Spent tea grinds (STG) are the finely ground waste product of the tea brewing process. STG's high water-holding capacity and organic nature make it a potential replacement for common substrate components such as pine bark (PB) and peat moss (PM). In an experiment, Lantana camara L. 'New Gold' and Nephrolepis exaltata L. 'Bostoniensis', were grown in various substrates for 10 weeks on a raised bench in a greenhouse. Four substrates, which were 100% STG, 1:1 mixture of cocomposted PB:STG, Fafard® 3B, and a composted 1:1 mixture of PB:STG, were evaluated in this experiment. Substrates either contained a preplant incorporated, complete fertilizer ^(+F), or contained no exogenous fertilizer ^(?F). Lantanas grown in tree bark compost (TBC)^+F and a 1:1 mixture of PB:STG^+F had the greatest growth index at harvest, while STG^+F was not different than TBC^+F. Lantanas grown in TBC^+F, Fafard® 3B^+F, and a 1:1 mixture of PB:STG^+F had the highest shoot dry weights at harvest. No differences existed in growth index or shoot dry weight of boston fern. Substrate leachate pH was at the high end, or slightly above, a recommended range for the duration of the experiment for substrates containing TBC, but plant growth was not reduced.  相似文献   

Initial habitat response to incised channel rehabilitation     

F. Douglas Shields  Charles M. Cooper  Scott S. Knight 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1993,3(2):93-103

• 1. Incised stream channel aquatic habitats typically are severely degraded. After the primary knickpoints or knickzones have passed, base flows are limited to shallow channels flanked by sandy berms within the enlarged high-flow channel. Riparian vegetation, woody debris and pool habitat are in short supply, and stream systems become disengaged from their floodplains.
• 2. We hypothesized that habitat recovery might be accelerated in channels that have incised and are regaining equilibrium through deposition of sandy berms by placing rock spurs in the channel and by planting woody vegetation on the berms. On the basis of literature review and a pilot study, planting designs were developed for a large-scale field experiment: 2550 1.5 m long cuttings of native willow (Salix spp.) 2–25 cm in diameter were planted 1–1.2 m deep along the base-flow channel of an incised stream. A ridge of stone was placed on the water side of the plantings, and 17 rock spurs were constructed by extending existing spur dikes from the opposite bank.
• 3. Woody cover along the treated bank increased from 38% to 66% of bankline after one growing season. Survival of individual plantings was reduced from an estimated 60% to an observed 34% by competition from the exotic kudzu vine, Pueraria lobata. Mean depth and mean scour hole depth, corrected for stage variation, increased 44% and 82%, respectively. Mean scour hole width increased 130%. The mean length of fish and the number of fish species approximately doubled, while the total weight of fish captured by a unit of sampling effort increased by an order of magnitude.

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A climatological basis for conserving groundwater and reducing overflow in aquaculture ponds in the Southeast United States     

Thomas P. Cathcart  Charles L. Wax  Jonathan W. Pote  Sugeng Triyono 《Aquacultural Engineering》2007,36(3):225-232

Drop-fill water management schemes for aquacultural ponds reduce both groundwater use and effluent release. A drop-fill scheme assumes that pond water level will be allowed to decrease to the “drop” depth before makeup water is used to return it to the “fill” depth, which is typically some fraction (e.g., 1/2) of the drop depth. This paper compares predicted performance of drop-fill schemes at five sites in the Southeast U.S. (Thompsons, TX, Stuttgart, AR, Stoneville, MS, Clemson, SC, and Fairhope, AL). The locations were chosen to assess the effect of the east–west precipitation gradient and the south–north change from maritime to continental characteristics on the drop-fill approach in this region.

Performance of the drop-fill schemes was based on calculated daily water balances for ponds using 40-year (1961–2000) precipitation (P) and evaporation (E) records at the sites. Pond evaporation is assumed to be 0.8 × pan evaporation. Since performance differences based on regional P minus E (P−E) records was the subject of this work, ponds were assumed identical in other respects (i.e., all ponds were assumed to be levee-type and to have zero infiltration).

Simulated drop-fill schemes tested included (in cm): 0/0, 5/2.5, 10/5, 15/7.5, 20/10, 25/12.5, 30/15, 45/22.5, 60/30, 90/45, and 120/60. Each scheme was simulated using daily time steps for 40 years at each site. Results suggested that rigorous adherence to even a modest drop-fill scheme results in substantial reductions in both groundwater use and effluent release. It also appears that P−E conditions at all sites allow implementation of more aggressive drop-fill schemes in properly designed ponds that will require no supplemental groundwater for most years. This was also true with respect to effluent release at three of five sites. At two sites, precipitation was sufficiently large that zero effluent years were either not predicted (Fairhope) or relatively uncommon (Clemson) for any drop-fill scheme.  相似文献   

Maximum ration of four algal diets for the oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin     

Charles E. Epifanio  John Ewart 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1977,11(1):13-29

The rate of removal of four species of alga from suspension by the oyster Crassostrea virginica was determined. The number of cells removed per hour depended upon the size of algal cells, but the total dry weight of algal material removed over 24 h was independent of size. Filtration rate was dependent upon the density of the algal suspension, and large quantities of pseudofeces were produced by oysters filtering algae from suspensions denser than 10 μg/ml.Oysters showed periods of high filtering activity and periods of relative quiescence during experimental trials of 24 h duration. Based on the periodic filtering activity of the oysters, a discontinuous feeding regime is proposed along with an equation predicting the maximum daily ration of oysters of various sizes.  相似文献   

A strategic planning model for fisheries development     

Anthony T. Charles  Chi-Wen Yang 《Fisheries Research》1991,10(3-4):287-307

This paper presents a dynamic decision support model to aid coastal nations in the long-range planning of fishery development. The bioeconomic framework presented here provides a simple means for analysing complex interactions between fishery resource management, domestic fleet development, and the role of foreign fleets. The model includes explicit dynamics of the fish stock and the domestic fleet, and allows for harvest rate and investment rate controls. Several realistic behavioral components are also incorporated: (i) multi-objective optimization, balancing the direct benefits of rent generation with the indirect benefits of domestic fleet development; (ii) socio-political constraints, which lead the coastal state to accord its domestic fleet absolute priority in harvesting within coastal waters; (iii) limitations on access to capital, which restrict growth of the domestic fleet to that which can be financed through fishery revenues; (iv) interactions between the coastal state and the foreign fleets, in which the former is able to set a royalty rate, applied per unit of foreign harvest, while the foreign fleet responds to any specified royalty rate on a profit-maximizing basis. Analysis of the model indicates that optimal fishery development policies may depend particularly on the relative profitability of the domestic fleet, as well as the extent to which an explicit value is placed on the employment and secondary benefits of domestic fleet development.  相似文献   

Application of Marine Foodfish Techniques in Marine Ornamental Aquaculture: Reproduction and Larval First Feeding     

Anthony C. Ostrowski  Charles W. Laidley 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(1-3):191-204

The long-term sustainability of the marine ornamental industry is being threatened by environmental pressures that are severely degrading the health of coral reef ecosystems. There is now a compelling need to practice resource conservation through the development of 'reef friendly' aquaculture technologies as an alternative to wild collection practices and to restore degraded wild populations. The commercial culture of marine ornamental finfish is very much in its infancy, but advances can be made more rapidly using insights from years of research and development with marine foodfish species. Many of the bottlenecks and constraints to developing marine ornamental fish culture are those now being addressed with the more challenging species of foodfish being attempted. The two key bottlenecks that currently limit expansion of the marine ornamental industry are the control of captive maturation and spawning and the identification of appropriate first-feed items for marine ornamental fish larvae. This paper highlights basic principles and recent achievements in marine foodfish culture that might be applicable to rapid development of controlled reproduction and propagation techniques for marine ornamental finfish.  相似文献   

Acute tolerance of juvenile Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus L., to ammonia and nitrite at various salinities     

Charles R Weirich  & Marty Riche 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(9):855-861

The acute tolerance of juvenile Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L. (mean weight±SE=8.1±0.5 g) to environmental unionized ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N) and nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N) at various salinities was determined via a series of static exposure trials. Median‐lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ values) of NH₃‐N and NO₂‐N at 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure were calculated at salinities of 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 g L^?1 at 28 °C (pH=8.23–8.36). Tolerance of pompano to acute NH₃‐N exposure was not affected by salinity, with 24, 48 and 96 h LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.05 to 1.12, 1.00 to 1.08 and 0.95 to 1.01 mg NH₃‐N L^?1 respectively. Regarding NO₂‐N, tolerance of pompano to this environmental toxicant was compromised at reduced salinities. Median‐lethal concentrations of NO₂‐N to pompano at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 67.4 to 220.1, 56.9 to 140.7 and 16.7 to 34.2 mg NO₂‐N L^?1 respectively. The results of this study indicate that juvenile Florida pompano are relatively sensitive to acute NH₃‐N and NO₂‐N exposure, and in the case of the latter, especially at lower salinities.  相似文献   

Mobile DNA in Old World monkeys: a glimpse through the rhesus macaque genome     

Han K  Konkel MK  Xing J  Wang H  Lee J  Meyer TJ  Huang CT  Sandifer E  Hebert K  Barnes EW  Hubley R  Miller W  Smit AF  Ullmer B  Batzer MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5822):238-240

The completion of the draft sequence of the rhesus macaque genome allowed us to study the genomic composition and evolution of transposable elements in this representative of the Old World monkey lineage, a group of diverse primates closely related to humans. The L1 family of long interspersed elements appears to have evolved as a single lineage, and Alu elements have evolved into four currently active lineages. We also found evidence of elevated horizontal transmissions of retroviruses and the absence of DNA transposon activity in the Old World monkey lineage. In addition, approximately 100 precursors of composite SVA (short interspersed element, variable number of tandem repeat, and Alu) elements were identified, with the majority being shared by the common ancestor of humans and rhesus macaques. Mobile elements compose roughly 50% of primate genomes, and our findings illustrate their diversity and strong influence on genome evolution between closely related species.  相似文献