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21.
Chihiro Urairi Yoshihiro Hirooka Koki Homma Zhengjin Xu Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa 《Plant Production Science》2016,19(3):420-426
Increasing the yield of rice per unit area is important because of the demand from the growing human population in Asia. A group of varieties called erect panicle-type rice (EP) achieves very high yields under conditions of high nitrogen availability. Little is known, however, regarding the leaf photosynthetic capacity of EP, which may be one of the physiological causes of high yield. We analyzed the factors contributing to leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and leaf mesophyll anatomy of Nipponbare, Takanari, and Shennong265 (a EP type rice cultivar) varieties subjected to different nitrogen treatments. In the field experiment, Pn of Shennong265 was 33.8 μmol m?2 s?1 in the high-N treatment, and was higher than that of the other two cultivars because of its high leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and a large number of mesophyll cells between the small vascular bundles per unit length. In Takanari, the relatively high value of Pn (31.5 μmol m?2 s?1) was caused by the high stomatal conductance (gs; .72 mol m?2 s?1) in the high-N treatment. In the pot experiment, the ratio of Pn/Ci to LNC, which may reflect mesophyll conductance (gm), was 20–30% higher in Nipponbare than in Takanari or Shennong265 in the high N availability treatment. The photosynthetic performance of Shennong265 might be improved by introducing the greater ratio of Pn/Ci to LNC found in Nipponbare and greater stomatal conductance found in Takanari. 相似文献
22.
Hiromi KEINO Atsushi FUNAHASHI Hiroomi KEINO Chihiro MIWA Masanori HOSOKAWA Yoshihiro HAYASHI Kenji KAWAKITA 《Journal of Equine Science》2009,20(4):79-88
In this study, we applied a novel psycho-educational horseback riding (PEHR) program to
the treatment of four Japanese children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) in
order to facilitate the acquisition of verbal and nonverbal communication skills. The
behavioral changes in each child were evaluated using a psychological and behavioral
scale. The scale for evaluating the effect of Human-Equips-Interaction on Mental activity
(HEIM scale) was designed to assess the behavioral improvement of children based on the
following 10 items: Human relationships, Imitation, Emotional expression, Sudden physical
movement, Fixative behavior, Adaptation to change, Visual response, Fear or nervousness,
and Verbal and nonverbal communication. After taking part in the PEHR program for several
months, all subjects showed remarkably improved HEIM scores and marked improvements were
observed in eye contact with others (instructors, side walkers, and leaders) in the riding
area. A statistical difference was found in items 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9. However, no
statistical difference was found in items 4, 5, and 10. As the program progressed, the
children showed enhanced verbal and nonverbal communication skills, and became more
expressive in their emotional and empathetic interaction with their parents. These
observations suggest that the normal functioning of pleasurable emotions and empathy may
facilitate further improvements in joint attention, imitation and empathy, and may result
in successful verbal expression by PDD children. Therefore, horseback riding can play a
very important role in the psycho-educational support required for the communication
ability of PDD children. 相似文献
23.
24.
Kosuke Izumitsu Syunichi Kimura Hajime Kobayashi Atsushi Morita Yoshimoto Saitoh Chihiro Tanaka 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(4):254-260
Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins unique to filamentous fungi. In this study, we cloned and characterized the class
I hydrophobin gene BcHpb1 in the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The BcHpb1 protein consisted of 117 amino acids. Similar to class I hydrophobins from other fungi, BcHpb1 contains eight
conserved cysteine residues. The hydropathy plot of the BcHpb1 amino acid sequence was characteristic of a class I hydrophobin.
These results indicated that the BcHpb1 gene encodes a class I hydrophobin. Vegetative growth of ΔBcHpb1 strains, null mutants of BcHpb1, was similar to that of the wild-type strain as were the conidiophores, conidia, appressoria and virulence on host plants.
However, adherence of ΔBcHpb1 strains to hydrophobic surfaces was greatly reduced, implying that BcHpb1 is important for the hydrophobicity of conidia
and that BcHpb1 may be required to adhere to plant surfaces under certain environmental conditions. 相似文献
25.
Peng WANG Kousaku SOUMA Yuki KOBAYASHI Kei IWABUCHI Chihiro SATO Takayoshi MASUKO 《Animal Science Journal》2010,81(4):487-493
This study examined the differences between non‐inoculated (control) corn and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB)‐damaged corn (inoculated corn); dry matter (DM) yield, silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep were compared. Leaf, stem and grain dry weights and gross yield of inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with control corn. The contents of water‐soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) were decreased in inoculated corn compared with control corn. Silage made from both inoculated and control corn showed good fermentation quality. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, ether extract, NFE, and energy of silage made from inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with silage made from the control corn. DM intake showed no significant discrepancy between the two types of silage. TDN and DE intakes from inoculated silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with control silage. From the above results it was shown that NLB caused a decrease in DM yield and NFE content in corn and a decrease in the nutritive value and feed intake of silage. 相似文献
26.
The aim of the present study was to provide a method for evaluating bone toxicity induced by drugs in various bones in aged rats. Male Crl:CD (SD) rats at 46 weeks of age were administered 15 mg/m(2) body surface area of doxorubicin, which effects the growth plate in weanling rats, weekly for 9 weeks by intravenous injection, and the femur, sternum, humerus and tibia were examined histopathologically. In the doxorubicin-treated group, thinning of the growth plate was remarkably observed in the proximal tibia and humerus; however, these changes were not observed in other regions. In addition, the osteoclast number per bone perimeter in the proximal tibia was significantly higher than others in control aged rat. Thus, recognizing the various histological reactions related to the time of epiphyseal closure is important for evaluating bone toxicity in aged rats. 相似文献
27.
Makoto Shinohara Chihiro Aoyama Kazuki Fujiwara Atsunori Watanabe Hiromi Ohmori Yoichi Uehara 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):190-203
Hydroponics is an excellent technique for the cultivation of vegetable crops and other plants, but organic fertilizers cannot be used in conventional hydroponic systems, which generally use only inorganic fertilizers, because organic compounds in the hydroponic solutions generally have phytotoxic effects that lead to poor plant growth. Few microorganisms are present in hydroponic solutions to mineralize the organic compounds into inorganic nutrients. In this article a novel and practical hydroponic culture method that uses microorganisms to degrade organic fertilizer in the hydroponic solution has been developed. Soil microorganisms were cultured by regulating the amounts of organic fertilizer and inoculum, with moderate aeration. The microorganisms mineralized organic nitrogen via ammonification and nitrification into nitrate at an efficiency of 97.6%. The culture solution containing the microorganisms was usable as a hydroponic solution, and organic fertilizer could be directly added to it during vegetable cultivation. Vegetables grew well in the organic hydroponic system. Organic hydroponics based on this method is therefore a practical tool for the utilization of organic sources of fertilizer. 相似文献
28.
Sachi Kimura Yusuke Shibata Takao Oi Kazuhito Kawakita Daigo Takemoto 《Journal of Pesticide Science》2021,46(2):206
Flutianil, a fungicide effective only on powdery mildew, was previously reported to affect the host cell''s haustorial formation and nutrient absorption. Studies were conducted to investigate flutianil''s primary site of action on Blumeria graminis morphology using transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and RNA sequencing (RAN-seq) techniques. TEM observation revealed that flutianil caused the extra-haustorial matrix and fungal cell wall to be obscured, without remarkable changes of other fungal organelles. RNA-seq analysis indicated that, unlike other powdery-mildew fungicides, flutianil did not significantly affect the constantly expressed genes for the survival of B. graminis. Genes whose expression is up- or downregulated by flutianil were found; these are the three sugar transporter genes and various effector genes, mainly expressed in haustoria. These findings indicate that the primary site of action of flutianil might be in the haustoria. 相似文献
29.
Erwin Shuhei Takemoto Won-Joung Hwang Miyuki Takeuchi Takao Itoh Yuji Imamura 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(3):233-241
To further our understanding of wood decay in living light red meranti (Shorea smithiana) trees, microscopic characteristics of the cell and cell wall degradations of S. smithiana wood in the presence of the decay fungi, the identity of the causal fungi, and the decay potential and pattern by an isolated
fungus were investigated. Cell wall degradations, including cell wall thinning, bore holes formation, rounded pit erosion,
and eroded channel opening were clearly observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. In transverse view, many large
voids resulting from a coalition of degraded wood tissue appeared in the decayed canker zone. All these observations suggest
the well-known simultaneous decay pattern caused by white-rot fungi. By phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of internal
transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, a basidiomycete fungus isolated from the decayed wood was identified as Schizophyllum commune. The degradation caused by this fungus on sound S. smithiana wood in an in situ laboratory decay test was classified as the early stage of simultaneous decay, and showed a similar pattern
to that observed in the wood samples naturally decayed. 相似文献
30.
Naoto Kamata Kojiro Esaki Kenji Mori Hiroyuki Takemoto Toru Mitsunaga Hiroshi Honda 《Journal of Forest Research》2008,13(2):122-126
An ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus, is a vector of Japanese oak wilt, which causes massive mortality of oak trees in Japan. Previous studies have identified
(1S,4R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol ((−)-IMCH) as the major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus. We tested the ability of synthetic (−)-IMCH to attract P. quercivorus adults. The synthetic compound attracted 14.4 times as many P. quercivorus, of both sexes, as control traps. Control and (−)-IMCH-baited traps both captured 3.32 times as many males as females, probably
because of the nature of Lindgren funnel traps and of male-biased emergence sex ratio early in the season of adult flights.
(−)-IMCH was proved to be a major component of the aggregation pheromone of P. quercivorus. 相似文献