The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid,a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea)     

Danile Debieu  Jocelyne Bach  Mickael Hugon  Christian Malosse  Pierre Leroux 《Pest management science》2001,57(11):1060-1067

Fenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. When the fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3‐keto compounds, 4α‐methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3‐keto reductase involved in C‐4 demethylation. Thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agriculture or in medicine. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7‐(4,6‐Dimethoxypyrimidinyl)oxy‐ and ‐thiophthalides as novel herbicides: Part 1. CGA 279 233: a new grass‐killer for rice     

Christoph Lüthy  Helmut Zondler  Thomas Rapold  Gottfried Seifert  Bernhard Urwyler  Thomas Heinis  Hans Christian Steinrücken  James Allen 《Pest management science》2001,57(3):205-224

A series of novel types of 7‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)oxy ‐ and ‐thio‐3‐methyl‐1 (3H)‐isobenzofuranones were discovered at Dr R Maag AG. From the thio‐isobenzofuranyl series, CGA 279 233—BSI‐proposed common name pyriftalid—was chosen for further development as a grass herbicide for use in rice. General synthetic approaches to these new phthalic acid‐derived compounds are given, with emphasis on the synthesis of pyriftalid and its physico‐chemical behaviour. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der Kulturtomaten (L. esculentum Mill.) Mittelamerikas     

Christian O. Lehmann  Franz Schwanitz 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1965,13(1):545-585

Zusammenfassung Es wird die Zusammensetzung einer Sammlung von Land- bzw. Primitivsorten der Kulturtomaten aus Mittelamerika beschrieben. Diese wurden von F. Schwanitz im Jahre 1958 in den Staaten El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras und Costa Rica gesammelt. Die Früchte stammen hauptsächlich von den Märkten der Ortschaften.Es werden die Merkmale des Sprosses und der Fiederblätter sowie der Blüten und Früchte beschrieben, die die Formenmannigfaltigkeit dieser Tomatenkollektion charakterisieren. Die in dem Material vorkommenden Fruchtformen lassen sich in vierzehn Gruppen zusammenfassen. Darunter fallen besonders auf: die extrem langen, bleistiftförmigen Früchte, die länglich-breiten, beutelförmigen Früchte sowie die Früchte mit isoliert stehenden Carpellen. Sehr zahlreich sind bei fast allen Fruchtformen die violettroten Früchte mit durchsichtiger Fruchthaut.Während der Bearbeitung konnte eine starke Heterozygotie des Materials beobachtet werden, aus der man auf eine weit verbreitete Fremdbefruchtung bei den kultivierten Tomaten dieser Gebiete schließen kann.Zum Schluß werden die Eigentümlichkeiten der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der Tomaten dieser Länder erörtert. Daraus ergibt sich, daß das Zentrum der Formenmannigfaltigkeit der kultivierten Tomaten von dem Süden Mexikos (Gebiet von Veracruz und Puebla) bis nach El Salvador und Honduras reicht.

---

Summary The varietal diversity of a collection of tomatoes (landraces or primitive strains) from Central-America is described. The tomatoes were collected in 1958 by F. Schwanitz in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica, mainly in native markets (fig. 1, table 1).The progenies of the collected fruits were separately cultiveted at Gatersleben from 1960 to 1964. Characters of shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruits are described as far as necessary for characterizing this collection (figs. 2-19). The fruit-forms are grouped into 14 types (figs. 20-41). Among these are extrem long-fruited, so-called lead pencil-shaped (fig. 24), wide oblong-fruited, so-called baggy-shaped (fig. 30) fruits and other ones with so-called isolated carpels (figs. 38 and 40). Nearly all the types include tomatoes with colourless skin, which imparts to the ripe fruit a pinkish cast.There was observed a high degree of heterozygosity which can be attributed to a considerable frequency of natural cross-pollination in these countries.The results of this inquiry are discussed with regard to the peculiarity of this great range of tomato types in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Hence it follows that the Southern Mexico center of varietal diversity of cultivated tomatoes, the Veracruz — Puebla area in particular (cf. Jenkins 1948), extends to El Salvador and Honduras.

---

am ¶rt;au , . 1958 . , , -. , , , . I. 1960 1964 . ( , . 18–41) (. 2–17). 14 (. 20–41). : «» (. 24), - «» (. 30) « » (. 38 40). - . , . . , , ( — . 1948) .

  相似文献   

Isolation and characterization of a reovirus from common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Finland   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Hollmén T  Franson JC  Kilpi M  Docherty DE  Hansen WR  Hario M 《Avian diseases》2002,46(2):478-484

Samples of brain, intestine, liver, lung, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from five common eider (Somateria mollissima) duckling carcasses during a die-off in the western Gulf of Finland (59 degrees 50'N, 23 degrees 15'E) in June 1996. No viral activity was observed in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos inoculated with tissue suspensions, but samples of bursa of Fabricius from three birds were positive when inoculated into Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) embryo fibroblasts. The isolates were characterized as nonenveloped RNA viruses and possessed several characteristics of the genus Orthoreovirus. Virus particles were icosahedral with a mean diameter of 72 nm and were stable at pH 3.0; their genome was separated into 10 segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings experimentally infected with the eider reovirus showed elevated serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and focal hemorrhages in the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. During 1997-99, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to the isolated virus ranged from 0 to 86% in 302 serum samples collected from incubating eider hens at three nesting areas along coastal Finland. The highest seroprevalence was found in Hanko in 1999, just weeks before reports of an uninvestigated mortality event resulting in the death of an estimated 98% of ducklings at that location. These findings raise the question of potential involvement of the virus in poor duckling survival and eider population declines observed in several breeding areas along coastal Finland since the mid-1980s.  相似文献   

Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi: changes in prevalences of natural infections in cattle and in Lymnaea truncatula from central France over the past 12 years     

Mage C  Bourgne H  Toullieu JM  Rondelaud D  Dreyfuss G 《Veterinary research》2002,33(5):439-447

A retrospective study was carried out over a 10- to 12-year period to analyse the changes in prevalences of natural fasciolosis and paramphistomosis among cattle and snails in central France, and to determine the causes which had induced these changes. The prevalences of natural fasciolosis in cattle increased from 1990 to 1993 (13.6% to 25.2%) and diminished afterwards up to 1999 (at 12.6%). Those of natural paramphistomosis showed a progressive increase between 1990 and 1999 (from 5.2 to 44.7%). The prevalences of natural infections and the numbers of free rediae counted in the snails (Lymnaea truncatula) infected with F. hepatica did not show any significant variations over time. By contrast, the prevalences of natural paramphistomosis in snails significantly increased from 1989 to 1996 and remained afterwards in the same range of values (3.7-5.3%), while the number of free rediae significantly increased up to 2000 (from a mean of 6.5 to 13.8 rediae per infected snail, respectively). Three hypotheses may explain the increase of paramphistomosis in cattle and snails: a better quality of diagnosis for the detection of P. daubneyi eggs in veterinary analysis laboratories, the use of specific molecules in the treatment of cattle fasciolosis since 1993, and the lack of an effective treatment up to now against cattle paramphistomosis. Since the objective of most farmers in central France is to obtain the highest antiparasitic efficiency with a single treatment of cattle per year, it is reasonable to assume that the prevalence of bovine paramphistomosis will continue to increase in the future.  相似文献   

Potential mechanism of action of J5 vaccine in protection against severe bovine coliform mastitis     

Dosogne H  Vangroenweghe F  Burvenich C 《Veterinary research》2002,33(1):1-12

Coliform mastitis is one of the most difficult diseases to treat in the modern dairy industry. Curative therapy with antibiotics remains only moderately effective and depends on the stage at which the disease is treated. The most successful strategies for combating coliform mastitis appear to be prevention by hygienic management or prophylactic immunization. The severity of clinical symptoms of coliform mastitis has been shown to be reduced by immunization with the Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. However, although the J5 vaccine has been licensed in the United States for about 10 years, the immunological basis of its mechanism of action is still unknown. Until now, protection by J5 vaccination has often been explained by a straightforward mechanism of enhanced antibody production resulting in increased opsonization of coliform bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The possibility that J5 vaccination could decrease risk factors for coliform mastitis such as impaired blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte (PMN) diapedesis has never been investigated. This review provides arguments to support the hypothesis that J5 vaccination may reduce the severity of coliform mastitis by inducing a condition of mammary gland hyper-responsiveness, characterized by a T helper 1 (Th1) response and mediated by memory cells inside the mammary gland, finally resulting in enhanced PMN diapedesis upon an intramammary infection.  相似文献   

Congenital neuropathy and dilution of feather melanin in nestlings of urban-breeding northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis).     

Christian Rutz  Axel Zinke  Thomas Bartels  Peter Wohlsein 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(1):97-103

A pair of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) breeding in a public park in the city center of Hamburg, Germany, raised 12 healthy and five aberrant offspring between 1996 and 2000. Aberrant nestlings (three males and two females) had pale silver-blue plumage and displayed severe locomotor disorders. Histopathologically, the defects were characterized by adendritic feather melanocytes and mild degeneration of the cerebellar white matter. Epidemiologic results were suggestive of a hereditary autosomal recessive defect, which may have originated from close inbreeding during the foundation of Hamburg's urban population of northern goshawks.  相似文献   

Survey of transport environments of circus tigers (Panthera tigris).     

Christian H Nevill  Ted H Friend  Michael J Toscano 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(2):167-174

The type of equipment used to transport circus tigers, environmental factors experienced during transport, and resultant body temperatures of tigers transported were surveyed during hot and cold weather conditions with six different circus tiger acts. Dataloggers recorded interior and exterior temperatures, relative humidity, and radiant heat at 5-min intervals during each trip. Microdataloggers fed to the tigers recorded body temperature and were recovered from eight Bengal (Panthera tigris tigris), Siberian (P. t. altaica), or Bengal-Sumatran (P. t. tigris-P. t. sumatrae) cross tigers from four different circuses. Three basic types of systems were used by circus acts to transport tigers: freestanding cages mounted on wheels that were winched or pushed into a semitrailer for transport, cages built into the trailer itself, and weather-resistant units transported on flatbed railcars or flatbed truck trailers. The highest temperature encountered inside a trailer was 37.3 degrees C in hot weather conditions, but overall, temperatures were usually between 21.1-26.7 degrees C. Temperature inside the trailers did not appear to be affected by movement and did not generally exceed ambient temperatures, indicating adequate insulation and passive ventilation. During cold weather trips, the lowest temperature inside the trailers was -1.1 degrees C, occurring during an overnight stop. Interior temperatures during cold weather transport stayed 2-6 degrees C warmer than ambient temperatures. The body temperatures of the tigers were unaffected by extreme temperatures. The only changes observed in body temperature were increases of 1-2 degrees C caused by activity and excitement associated with loading in several groups of tigers, regardless of whether it was hot or cold weather. Whenever measured, carbon monoxide and ammonia were below the detectable concentrations of 10 and 1 ppm. respectively. Overall, transport did not appear to have any adverse effects on the tigers' ability to thermoregulate.  相似文献   

Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses (Equus caballus przewalskii) in southwestern Mongolia.     

Nadia Robert  Christian Walzer  Simon R Rüegg  Petra Kaczensky  Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar  Christian Stauffer 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2005,36(2):273-285

The Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild by the mid 1960s. The species has survived because of captive breeding only. The Takhin Tal reintroduction project is run by the International Takhi Group; it is one of two projects reintroducing horses to the wild in Mongolia. In 1997 the first harem group was released. The first foals were successfully raised in the wild in 1999. Currently, 63 Przewalski's horses live in Takhin Tal. Little information exists on causes of mortality before the implementation of a disease-monitoring program in 1998. Since 1999, all dead horses recovered (n = 28) have been examined and samples collected and submitted for further investigation. Equine piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by Babesia caballi or Theileria equi, is endemic in Takhin Tal and was identified as the cause of death of four stallions and one stillborn foal. In December 2000, wolf predation was implicated in the loss of several Przewalski's horses. However, thorough clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic investigations performed on dead and surviving horses of this group revealed lesions compatible with strangles. The extreme Mongolian winter of 2000-2001 is thought to have most probably weakened the horses, making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and subsequent wolf predation. Other occasional causes of death since 1999 were trauma, exhaustion, wasting, urolithiasis, pneumonia, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathologic examination of the Przewalski's horses did not result in a definitive diagnosis in each case. Several disease factors were found to be important in the initial phase of the reintroduction, which could potentially jeopardize the establishment of a self-sustaining population.  相似文献   

First report of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus onMiscanthus in the United Kingdom     

D. G. Christian  J. N. L. Lamptey  S. M. D. Forde  R. T. Plumb 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1994,100(2):167-170

Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) was detected in field grownMiscanthus sacchariflorus propagated from root cuttings. Inoculation of BYDV toM. sinensis plants grown from seed had an adverse effect on shoot growth and leaf development.  相似文献