Comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthetic index in unpremedicated dogs     

DS  Galloway  JCH Ko  RE Mandsager  HF Reaugh  ME Payton  E Portillo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):103-104

Anesthetic respiratory effects of sevoflurane (SEVO) were compared with isoflurane (ISO) in unpremedicated dogs. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), apneic concentration (AC), and anesthetic index (AI) of SEVO and ISO were determined in eight 1‐year‐old healthy dogs, weighing 19 ± 3 kg (mean ± SEM) in a randomized complete block multiple cross‐over design. Dogs were mask‐induced with either SEVO or ISO in 100% oxygen. Following endotracheal intubation, dogs were instrumented, mechanically ventilated, and MAC was determined using a tail‐clamp method. Next, spontaneous ventilation was re‐established, and anesthetic concentration was increased to determine the AC. Throughout the anesthetic event, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SAP), mean blood pressure (MAP), diastolic blood pressure (DAP), respiratory rate (RR), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (Pe ′CO₂), and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO₂) were recorded at 3‐minute intervals. Following AC determination, AI was calculated as AC/MAC, and dogs were allowed to recover. Each dog was anesthetized four times (twice with ISO and SEVO each) at 1‐week intervals. All data were analyzed using the two‐way anova . Multiple comparisons were performed between ISO and SEVO treatments. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant differences were noted between agents for MAC (SEVO, 2.13 ± 0.10%; ISO, 1.38 ± 0.14%; p < 0.0001), AC (SEVO, 7.34 ± 0.13%; ISO, 3.60 ± 0.13%; p < 0.0001), and AI (SEVO, 3.46 ± 0.22; ISO, 2.63 ± 0.14; p = 0.0002). Physiologic parameters were compared between SEVO and ISO at 1MAC, 2MAC, 3MAC, and AC. No differences were noted between SEVO and ISO treatments for cardiovascular parameters (HR, SAP, MAP, DAP). Significant differences were noted, favoring SEVO, for all respiratory parameters (RR, Pe ′CO₂, SpO₂) at increasing MAC multiples. Additionally, regression analysis was conducted for physiologic variable data points. Analysis of Pe ′CO₂ data points demonstrated a significant slope difference of ?6.47 ± 1.02 (B_SEVO ? B_ISO; p < 0.0001; r² = 0.6042) favoring SEVO. While expected dose‐related ventilatory depression was noted for both agents, all the respiratory parameters for SEVO demonstrated less respiratory depression than ISO at equipotent doses. These results indicated that SEVO caused less dose‐dependent ventilatory depression than ISO, having a significantly higher AI and causing less detrimental change in pulmonary parameters at increasing levels of MAC.  相似文献   

Effect of pre-medication on gastroduodenoscopy in isoflurane-anesthetized cats     

AA  Smith  LP Posner  RE Goldstein  JW Ludders  HN Erb  KW Simpson  RD Gleed 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):103-103

The pre‐medicant chosen may influence the ease with which gastroduodenoscopy (GD) is performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative ease of GD in cats under ketamine and isoflurane anesthesia after IM injection of hydromorphone (H, 0.1 mg kg^?1), hydromorphone plus glycopyrrolate (HG, 0.1 mg kg^?1 (H), 0.01 mg kg^?1 (G)), medetomidine (M, 0.03 mg kg^?1), or butorphanol (B, 0.4 mg kg^?1). Eight cats were assigned randomly to receive each treatment in a cross‐over design with at least 7 days between treatments. Twenty minutes after pre‐medication, medetomidine produced greater (p = 0.001) sedation than the other treatments when assessed, using a subjective ordinal scale. The cats were injected with ketamine (10 mg kg^?1 IM), orotracheally intubated, connected to a pediatric circle breathing system, and allowed to spontaneously breathe isoflurane in oxygen. Once end‐tidal isoflurane concentration was stable at 1.4% for 15 minutes, endoscopy was started. A single endoscopist (REG), who was unaware of the treatment used, performed all endoscopies. The endoscopist scored the difficulty of endoscopy subjectively (0–3). The significance of differences between treatments was evaluated using Friedman's test. Time for entering the stomach was 9.4 (4.7–15.9) (median (minimum–maximum)), 6.6 (5.2–11.7), 8.4 (6.3–16.5), and 7.7 (5.1–14.7) seconds and for entering the duodenum from the stomach was 20.5 (13.8–40.9), 18.2 (10.3–39.8), 20.2 (16.2–119.5), and 22.2 (11.8–83.8) seconds for H, HG, M, and B treatments, respectively. There were no significant differences in the time for, or difficulty of, endoscopy. We conclude that any of these drugs can be used satisfactorily at the doses and combinations tested to pre‐medicate cats prior to general anesthesia for GD.  相似文献   

Viability of OPS Vitrified Sheep Embryos After Direct Transfer     

RE Green  BFS Santos  CC Sicherle  FC Landim-Alvarenga  SD Bicudo 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(3):406-410

The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability in the effect of open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification procedure of sheep embryos after direct transference. Embryos were produced in vivo and cryopreserved in slow freezing or OPS vitrification. The survival rates of cryopreserved embryos were compared to non-frozen standard pattern. In a first set of experiments, embryos at morula and blastocyst stages were dived in ethylene glycol (1.5 M) and frozen in an automatic freezer. After being thawed, they were directly or indirectly transferred to ewes recipient. A second group of embryos were drawn into OPS and plunged into liquid nitrogen after being exposed at room temperature for 1 min and 45 s in 10% EG plus 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), then again for 30 s in 20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose. After being warmed, embryos were also directly transferred using a French mini straw as the catheter for the transplantation process or after in vitro dilution of cryoprotectants (two-step-process). No significant difference was observed among fresh, frozen or vitrified embryos on pregnancy rate (50.0%, 38.6% and 55.8%). However, when we evaluated only the direct transference, the pregnancy rate of OPS vitrified embryos was higher than that of frozen embryos (57.1% vs 34.8%) (p = 0.07). In addition, vitrified morulae had a higher pregnancy rate than the one with frozen embryos (64.0% vs 38.9%) (p = 0.07). Finally, our results indicate that OPS vitrification technique in association with direct transference improves the viability of sheep embryos with potential applications to field conditions.  相似文献   

Protease in sturgeon sperm and the effects of protease inhibitors on sperm motility and velocity     

Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi  Pavla Postlerová-Maňásková  Azadeh Hatef  Martin Pšenička  Jana Pěknicová  Kazuo Inaba  Andrzej Ciereszko  Otomar Linhart 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(5):1393-1398

In mammals, proteases are present in sperm acrosome and play key role in fertilization. Sturgeon sperm has an acrosome, but its physiology, biochemistry, and potential role in fertilization are unknown. In the present study, we have observed high protease activity in acidic extract of intact sperm compared to that of seminal plasma in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). The protease activity was decreased and increased in acidic extract of motility-activated sperm and in the activation medium, respectively. Molecular analysis revealed total protease and serine (acrosin) protease activities in sperm acidic extract which was accumulated in a protein band with relative molecular mass of 35 kDa. Immunoelectron microscopy using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody for boar acrosin localized the protease at the acrosome region. Moreover, initiation of sperm motility was inhibited after activation in the presence of inhibitors for both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases, while the effects of protease inhibitors on sperm velocity were uncertain. Our results indicate similarities in physiology and biochemistry of acrosome between sturgeon and mammals and suggest potential role of protease in the initiation of sperm motility in sturgeon.  相似文献