Molecular marker-mediated validation of morphologically defined landraces of Pejibaye (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactris gasipaes</Emphasis>) and their phylogenetic relationships     

Doriane P. Rodrigues  Spartaco Astolfi Filho  Charles R. Clement 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2005,51(8):871-882

RAPD markers were used to evaluate the genetic variability and structure of seven morphologically defined landraces of pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae) to determine their validity and phylogenetic relationships. Two hundred and twenty plants of four Amazonian and three Central American landraces of var.gasipaes (the domesticate) and 30 plants of var.chichagui (H. Karsten) Henderson (the crop ancestor) maintained at the National Research Institute for Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, were utilized. Eight RAPD primers yielded 113 markers, with good reproducibility, of which 97 were polymorphic. The four Amazonian landraces had an average heterozygosity of 0.30, with 86% polymorphism, greater than the Central American landraces (0.25; 74.3%) and var.chichagui (0.27; 80%). Among landrace genetic diversity (G_ST) was 15%, while within (Hs) was 85%, essentially equivalent to the AMOVA within (82.2%) and among (17.8%) variances. The Jaccard similarities, PCA, gene flow coefficients and Exact tests suggested that only one landrace exists in Central America, called Utilis after the first taxon described there, and that the Solimões landrace is part of the Putumayo landrace, rather than a separate entity. The Pará and Pampa Hermosa landraces were validated in accordance with their morphometric interpretations. The dendrogram of Neis genetic distances among valid landraces and var.chichagui supported the hypothesis of a single origin for pejibaye in southwestern Amazonia, with two migration routes: one to the northeast, becoming the Pará landrace, and another to the northwest along the Andes, spreading into western Amazonia (Pampa Hermosa and Putumayo landraces) and across the Andes, reaching Central America (Utilis landrace).  相似文献   

Research achievements in plant resistance to insect pests of cool season food legumes     

S. L. Clement  N. El-Din Sharaf El-Din  S. Weigand  S. S. Lateef 《Euphytica》1993,73(1-2):41-50

Plant resistance to at least 17 field and storage insect pests of cool season food legumes has been identified. For the most part, this resistance was located in the primary gene pools of grain legumes via conventional laboratory, greenhouse, and field screening methods. The use of analytical techniques (i.e., capillary gas chromatography) to characterize plant chemicals that mediate the host selection behavior of pest insects offers promise as a new, more rapid way to differentiate between insect-resistant and susceptible plant material. Examples of research achievements in mechanisms of resistance and host-plant resistance within the context of integrated control programs are discussed. Accelerating the development and subsequent releases of insect-resistant cultivars to pulse farmers requires more involvement from interdisciplinary teams of plant breeders, entomologists, plant pathologists, plant chemists, molecular biologists, and other scientists.  相似文献   

Distribution of demersal fish assemblages along the west coast of St Lucia: Implications for planning no-take marine reserves     

Peter J. Mitchell  Stefan G. Bolam  Hayden L. Close  Clement Garcia  Jacquomo Monk  Khatija Alliji 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(6):1354-1366

1. Evidence-based decisions relating to effective marine protected areas as a means of conserving biodiversity require a detailed understanding of the species present. The Caribbean island nation of St Lucia is expanding its current marine protected area network by designating additional no-take marine reserves on the west coast. However, information on the distribution of fish species is currently limited.
2. This study used baited remote underwater stereo-video to address this shortcoming by investigating the effects of depth and seabed habitat structure on demersal fish assemblages and comparing these assemblages between regions currently afforded different protection measures.
3. From the 87 stations visited a total of 5,921 fish were observed comprising 120 fish taxa across 22 families. Species richness and total abundance were higher within the highly managed region, which included no-take reserves. Redundancy analysis explained 17% of the total variance in fish distribution, driven predominantly by the seabed habitats. The redundancy analysis identified four main groups of demersal fishes each associated with specific seabed habitats.
4. The current no-take marine reserves protected two of these groups (i.e. fishes associated with the ‘soft corals, hard corals or gorgonians’ and ‘seagrass’ groups). Importantly, habitats dominated by sponges, bacterial mats, algal turfs or macroalgae, which also supported unique fish assemblages, are not currently afforded protection via the marine reserve network (based on the five reserves studied). These results imply that incorporation of the full breadth of benthic habitat types present would improve the efficacy of the marine reserve network by ensuring all fish assemblages are protected.

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Liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in grains, oilseeds, and animal feeds by post-column derivatization and on-line sample cleanup     

N Chamkasem  W Y Cobb  G W Latimer  C Salinas  B A Clement 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1989,72(2):336-341

A liquid chromatographic method using on-line sample cleanup, reverse flow analytical column loading, gradient elution, and postcolumn derivatization with iodine permits direct, rapid determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, as well as ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Limits of quantitation are 5 ppb for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A and 30 ppb for zearalenone. This procedure performs well as a multimycotoxin screen for cereal grains and oilseeds, with more limited success in complete animal feeds.  相似文献   

Renal Clearance, Urinary Excretion of Endogenous Substances, and Urinary Diagnostic Indices in Healthy Neonatal Foals     

Barbara D. Brewer MA  DVM    Stephane F. Clement DVM    W. Stephen Lotz BS  Ronald Gronwall DVM  PhD 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1991,5(1):28-33

Urine (U) and serum (S) were obtained every 2 hours during a 12- or 24-hour period from eight healthy 96-hour-old pony or horse foals. Dams' milk samples were obtained concurrently. Urine volume was measured during this 12- or 24-hour period. The mean amount of urine produced was 148 +/- 20 ml/kg/day. Baseline urinalyses were evaluated on all foals at two days of age, before any manipulation. Urine generally was dilute (less than 1.008) but the specific gravity was as high as 1.027 in one normal foal. Continuous (12 or 24 hour) urinary catheterization resulted in bacteriuria but not white blood cells in the urine. Prolonged catheterization did not cause foals to become febrile or exhibit clinical signs of cystitis or other illness. Urinary electrolyte excretion, urinary electrolyte clearances, and fractional electrolyte excretions (FE) were measured. When compared with normal values reported in adult horses, excretion, clearance, and FE were similar for sodium (Na) but higher for potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). There were no significant differences between data collected during different time periods, and it was concluded that the use of single sample urine/serum estimates of fractional excretion in the neonatal foal was an appropriate indicator of the renal handling of electrolytes, and when viewed in conjunction with urinalysis and other serum parameters, a valuable aid to evaluating renal function.  相似文献   

Plastic trees     

Clement RC  Brennan JR  Hyde LS  Krieger MH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1973,180(4088):813-816

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Neglect of mowing and manuring leads to slower nitrogen cycling in subalpine grasslands     

T. Matthew Robson  Sandra Lavorel  Jean-Christophe Clement 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(4):930-941

Nitrogen (N) availability in grasslands varies with agricultural land use. Traditional management regimes of mowing for hay and manuring in subalpine meadows maintain plant communities with exploitative functional strategies suited to fertile soils with fast turnover of nutrients. We investigated whether the neglect of traditional practices has led to a reduction in N availability in two parallel ecosystems (terraced and unterraced fields). Soil nitrate and ammonium contents were assessed using soil cores and ion exchange resins over a 1-year period, and assays of microbial nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities, made early in the growing season. A large difference in pH between the two ecosystems, caused by historical ploughing, facilitated greater N availability in terraced than unterraced fields. Abandonment of manuring and mowing caused a reduction in N availability and N transformation processes, which correlated with a shift in the plant community towards more-conservative functional strategies and greater dominance by grasses. We propose that positive feedback between the grassland management regime and dominant plant functional strategy maintained high N availability in these managed subalpine grasslands. When traditional practices of mowing and manuring are neglected, direct management effects combined with the spread of grass species with conservative strategies force down N availability in the soil, reduce microbial activity, change the pH, and lead to a long-term loss of characteristic herbaceous subalpine-meadow species.  相似文献   

Studies on controlled potassium fertilizers     

Eitaro Miwa  Seward E. Allen  Charles M. Hunt  Lynn B. Clement 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):103-111

Three K silicates having SiO₂/K₂O ratios of 4, 5, and 6 were compared with single and split applications of KCI, (KPO₃)n, and sulfur-coated KCI (SCK-34) for their availability to four cuttings of common bermudagrass. At the rate of 200 mg of K/pot, all silicates applied in fine particles gave the same pattern of yield and K uptake as readily soluble KCl; however, less response to these finely sized K silicates at applications from 200 to 500 mg of K/pot suggests that they supply K more slowly than do soluble sources. K₂O.6SiO₂, when granulated in the size of 0.41-1.2 or 1.65-2.36 rom gave typical yieiJ and K uptake patterns of slowrelease sources similar to those for SCK-34 at both rates of application. (KPO₃) ⁿ supplied K in the same pattern as KCl and no effect of granulation was observed. A better balanced K supply through the whole period and the production of forage of more stable mineral composition is expected by the use of these slow-release K sources.  相似文献   

Growth,sporulation and germination of Verticillium alfalfae on media     

Li  Fang  Matloob  Madeeha  Nzabanita  Clement  Li  Yanzhong 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2021,161(2):383-395

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Verticillium wilt of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) caused by Verticillium alfalfae was first reported in 2016 in China. To determine the characteristics of...  相似文献   

Fertilizer micro-dosing increases crop yield in the Sahelian low-input cropping system: A success with a shadow     

Ali Ibrahim  Robert Clement Abaidoo  Dougbedji Fatondji  Andrews Opoku 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2016,62(3):277-288

Over the years, a scarcity of information on nutrient gains or losses has led to overemphasis being placed on crop yields and economic income as the direct benefits from fertilizer micro-dosing technology. There is increasing concern about the sustainability of this technology in smallholder Sahelian cropping systems. This study was designed in the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons to establish nutrient balances under fertilizer micro-dosing technology and their implications on soil nutrient stocks. Two fertilizer micro-dosing treatments [2 g hill^?1 of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and 6 g hill^?1 of compound fertilizer Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium (NPK) (15-15-15)] and three rates of manure (100 g hill^?1, 200 g hill^?1 and 300 g hill^?1) and the relevant control treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment organized in a randomized complete block design with three replications. On average, millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) grain yield increased by 39 and 72% for the plots that received the fertilizer micro-dosing of 6 g NPK hill^?1 and 2 g DAP hill^?1, respectively, in comparison with the unfertilized control plots. The average partial nutrients balances for the two cropping seasons were ?37 kg N ha^?1yr^?1, ?1 kg P ha^?1yr^?1 and ?34 kg K ha^?1yr^?1 in plots that received the application of 2 g DAP hill^?1, and ?31 kg N ha^?1yr^?1, ?1 kg P ha^?1yr^?1 and ?27 kg K ha^?1yr^?1 for 6 g NPK hill^?1. The transfer of straw yields accounted for 66% N, 55% P and 89% K for removal. The average full nutrient balances for the two cropping seasons in fertilizer micro-dosing treatments were ?47.8 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1, ?6.8 kg P ha^?1 yr^?1 and ?21.3 kg K ha^?1 yr^?1 which represent 7.8, 24.1 and 9.4% of N, P and K stocks, respectively. The nutrient stock to balance ratio (NSB) for N decreased from 13 to 11 and from 15 to 12 for the plots that received the application of 2 g DAP hill^?1 and 6 g NPK hill^?1, respectively. The average NSB for P did not exceed 5 for the same plots. It was concluded that fertilizer micro-dosing increases the risk of soil nutrient depletion in the Sahelian low-input cropping system. These results have important implications for developing an agro-ecological approach to addressing sustainable food production in the Sahelian smallholder cropping system.  相似文献