World hunger     

Clement RC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,196(4293):938-940

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Genotypic variation in vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal dependence of the pejibaye palm     

C. R. Clement  M. Habte 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1907-1916

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) seedling progenies from two Amazonian (Pampa Hermosa; Putumayo) and one Central American (Guatuso) land races. Plants were grown in subsurface samples of either an Oxisol (the Amazonian progenies) or an Ultisol, with or without inoculation with the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus (VAMF) Glomus aggregatum, at three concentrations of soil solution phosphorous (P). VAMF inoculation enhanced leaf phosphorus (P) concentration and dry matter accumulation at the intermediate soil P concentration in all progenies. Dry matter accumulation was enhanced by 17%, 54%, and 64% in the Pampa Hermosa, Putumayo, and Guatuso progenies, respectively. They are therefore classified as being marginally (Pampa Hermosa) or highly dependent. This infra‐specific genetic variation with respect to mycorrhizal dependency merits further study for possible exploitation in plant improvement for sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

Toll-like receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in horses: Implications for laminitis     

M.A. de Laat  C.K. Clement  C.M. McGowan  M.N. Sillence  C.C. Pollitt  V.A. Lacombe 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2014,157(1-2):78-86

Equine laminitis, a disease of the lamellar structure of the horse's hoof, can be incited by numerous factors that include inflammatory and metabolic aetiologies. However, the role of inflammation in hyperinsulinaemic laminitis has not been adequately defined. Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in up-regulation of inflammatory pathways and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and may be a pathogenic factor in laminitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether TLR4 expression and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production is increased in lamellae and skeletal muscle during equine hyperinsulinaemia. Standardbred horses were treated with either a prolonged, euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (p-EHC) or a prolonged, glucose infusion (p-GI), which induced marked and moderate hyperinsulinaemia, respectively. Age-matched control horses were treated simultaneously with a balanced electrolyte solution. Treated horses developed clinical (p-EHC) or subclinical (p-GI) laminitis, whereas controls did not. Skeletal muscle and lamellar protein extracts were analysed by Western blotting for TLR4, IL-6, TNF-α and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) expression. Lamellar protein expression of TLR4 and TNF-α, but not IL-6, was increased by the p-EHC, compared to control horses. A significant positive correlation was found between lamellar TLR4 and SOCS3. Skeletal muscle protein expression of TLR4 signalling parameters did not differ between control and p-EHC-treated horses. Similarly, the p-GI did not result in up-regulation of lamellar protein expression of any parameter. The results suggest that insulin-sensitive tissues may not accurately reflect lamellar pathology during hyperinsulinaemia. While TLR4 is present in the lamellae, its activation appears unlikely to contribute significantly to the developmental pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis. However, inflammation may have a role to play in the later stages (e.g., repair or remodelling) of the disease.  相似文献   

Evaluation of two methods for mass euthanasia of poultry in disease outbreaks     

Kingston SK  Dussault CA  Zaidlicz RS  Faltas NH  Geib ME  Taylor S  Holt T  Porter-Spalding BA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(5):730-738

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The pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) as an agroforestry component     

Charles R. Clement 《Agroforestry Systems》1986,4(3):205-219

The pejibaye palm was domesticated by the Amerindians as part of their indigenous agroforestry systems. The multiple uses of its fruit make it an attractive food species, while high production makes it an attractive economic proposition. Its growth habit is ideal for a canopy strata in some types of agroforestry schemes and, by controlling the number of stems to be maintained, may be modified to fit different species mixes. Several Brazilian mixed cropping experiments are mentioned, although results are not yet available. The Costa Rican experience with pejibaye * coffee mixed cropping is examined, with special reference to Tucurrique, Cartago. Two hectares of pejibaye, with coffee and banana are shown to lucrative. Research needs are discussed, with special emphasis on the question of multiple versus single stemmed plantings and modifications of the pejibaye ideotype for use in multi-stemmed, multi-species plantations. The pejibaye has significant potential for the small farmer and a greater potential if improved for both agroforestry and monoculture.Earlier versions of parts of this paper were presented at the 2nd Reunion IUFRO Working Group 51.07.07 and at the Seminar on Advances in Agroforestry Research, both in Turrialba, Costa Rica.  相似文献   

The Cost of Production of Giant Clam Seed Tridacna gigas     

Clement A.  Tisdell  William R.  Thomas Luca  Tacconi  John S.  Lucas 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1993,24(3):352-360

The costs of providing giant clam seed in Australia are examined for alternative annual volumes of production. Considerable economies of scale in production are available, both in relation to labor costs and non-labor costs (mostly capital costs). The fall in per-unit cost of producing giant clam seed is considerable when annual production is expanded from 100,000 to 500,000 seed clams per year. At 10% rate of interest, the unit cost per clam seed falls from $1.43–$2.04 at a production level of 100,000 to $0.41–$0.55 at a production level of 500,000. Per-unit operating costs also fall. They decline from $1.01–$1.22 to $0.29–$0.35. This suggests that there are likely to be cost economies in having large centralized hatcheries.  相似文献   

Inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) prevents lung oedema induced by endotoxic shock     

Mazzola S  Forni M  Albertini M  Bacci ML  Ciminaghi B  Lavitrano M  Seren E  Clement MG 《Veterinary research communications》2004,28(Z1):209-212

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Sympathicoblastoma in a dog     

F L Frye  E D Clement 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1970,156(7):900-901

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The impacts of season and livestock management strategy on the quality of diets selected by goats and sheep in the semi-arid rangelands of Namaqualand,South Africa     

Francuois L Müller  Clement F Cupido  Melvin BV Swarts  Nefza M Amary  Dawood Hattas 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2019,36(2):105-114

Access to good-quality forages is one of the major limitations to livestock production in semi-arid pastoral systems. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences in the nutritional quality of diets selected by herded and free-ranging goat and sheep flocks utilising Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld vegetation during the wet and dry seasons. Plant samples collected along the grazing routes of livestock were dried and analysed for their fibre, condensed tannin, total phenolic and mineral nutrient contents. The study showed that a large variety of forages were on offer and livestock groups selected different diets of which some were different to the total diet on offer. In general, significant deficiencies in phosphate, protein and energy in the diets selected by herded and free-ranging goats and sheep were observed in both wet and dry season. The quality of the diets selected by herded and free-ranging livestock was also found to be different from each other, with herded livestock generally selecting more nutrient-dense diets. Herding, therefore, allows livestock to access better-quality forage in the Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld rangeland, where it is generally poor.  相似文献   

Time-patterns of antibiotic exposure in poultry production--a Markov chains exploratory study of nature and consequences     

Chauvin C  Clement C  Bruneau M  Pommeret D 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,80(2-3):230-240

This article describes the use of Markov chains to explore the time-patterns of antimicrobial exposure in broiler poultry. The transition in antimicrobial exposure status (exposed/not exposed to an antimicrobial, with a distinction between exposures to the different antimicrobial classes) in extensive data collected in broiler chicken flocks from November 2003 onwards, was investigated. All Markov chains were first-order chains. Mortality rate, geographical location and slaughter semester were sources of heterogeneity between transition matrices. Transitions towards a 'no antimicrobial' exposure state were highly predominant, whatever the initial state. From a 'no antimicrobial' exposure state, the transition to beta-lactams was predominant among transitions to an antimicrobial exposure state. Transitions between antimicrobial classes were rare and variable. Switches between antimicrobial classes and repeats of a particular class were both observed. Application of Markov chains analysis to the database of the nation-wide antimicrobial resistance monitoring programme pointed out that transition probabilities between antimicrobial exposure states increased with the number of resistances in Escherichia coli strains.  相似文献